Anal fissure is an ischemic ulcer that occurs in anoderm and it has no obvious etiology and pathophysiology in current medicine. Anal fissure has a profound history in Persian and Persian medicine and wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) has been a common medication in this case. Traditional oil and/or dilute decoction of wallflower has been introduced as an effective topical medic...

The red panda (Ailurus fulgen) is reddish brown, long-tailed mammal, found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia, which subsists mainly on bamboo (Choudhury, 2001). This species as with most Carnivora, possesses paired anal glands used by both sexes to scent-mark. Red pandas emit a musky odor from these glands when excited (Nowak, 1991), and according to Ro...

OBJECTIVE To compare anal cytology, colposcopy and DNA hybridisation as methods of detecting anal HPV infection. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Patients attending: (1) a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic with ano-genital warts; (2) a surgical out-patient department with anal fissure or haemorrhoids were examined for evidence of anal HPV infection. RESULTS Considering GUM clinic attenders, 17% (38/22...

Human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer, is also associated with the development of anal cancer. Relatively little is known about the epidemiology of anal HPV infection among healthy females and its relationship to cervical infection. We sought to characterize anal HPV infection in a cohort of adult women in Hawaii. Overall, 27% (372 of 1,378) of women were positive for...

Interpreting the significance of anal findings in child sexual abuse can be difficult. The aim of this study is to compare the frequency of anal features between children with and without anal penetration. This is a retrospective blinded review of consecutive charts of children seen for suspected sexual abuse at a regional referral center from January 1. 2005 to December 31. 2009 Based on prede...

The ‘dear enemy phenomenon’ (DEP) is a form of neighbour–stranger discrimination in which resident territorial individuals respond less agonistically to intrusions by known neighbouring conspecifics than they do to strangers. We tested philopatric female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) for the presence of DEP. We hypothesized that dominant females discriminated between the anal gl...

Anal fistula is a common problem1, although there is wide variation in estimates of incidence in the general population. This ranged from 1·04 to 2·32 new patients per 100 000 inhabitants in four European countries2. In the UK in 2005, over 6000 surgical procedures were performed for anal fistula3. It is now 50 years since the seminal publication of the paper that has probably had the most infl...

BACKGROUND An anal fissure (AF) is a tear in the epithelial lining of the anal canal. This is a very common condition, but the choice of treatment is unclear. The use of anal dilators is effective, economic, and safe. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of two conservative treatments, the use of anal dilators or a finger for anal dilatation, in reducing anal pressure and resolving ...

Current evidence indicates that premalignant high-grade anal squamous lesions can progress to invasive anal carcinoma over time. Using cervical cancer prevention as a paradigm, anal cytology has thus been recommended as a primary screening tool for anal dysplasia in at-risk HIV-positive men.5,6 Men whose anal Papanicolaou (Pap) test yields abnormal results should undergo high-resolution anoscop...