The optical networks based on WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplex) technology can carry enormous amount of data in each fiber link in the network. The networks with the high capacity links have the drawback that a single failure leads to the loss of a large amount of data. So a protection strategic is critical to protect from faults both service providers and end-users. IP networks carry many ty...

This study examined how motivation for learning English, the amount of contact with English, and  length  of  residence  in  the  target language area affects Korean graduate students’ English pragmatic skills. The study attempted to account for differential pragmatic development among 50  graduate-level  Korean  students  in  relation  to  individual  factors  mentioned  above.  The  data were...

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science CE-MS-2003-12 Energy consumption is an increasingly important aspect of microprocessor design, especially for battery powered embedded systems. As processor speed increases and also the disparity in processor and memory speed, latency reduction techniques are often employed to reduce the time the processor is stalled, waiting f...

introduction: air pollution is one of the problems of the recent century caused by vehicles, industries and other urban activities. the city of yazd faces air pollution due to its high population, vehicular traffic and industrial places around the city. one of the important parameters of air pollution is suspended air particles that have harmful effects on the health of people, plants and objec...

Stop and go traffic that leads to oscillate traffic flow frequently is observed on congestion flow. Unexpected reasons such as lane – changing maneuvers, lower speeds of leader vehicle and moving bottleneck cause stop and go traffic and amplifying delay and environment impacts. Stop and go traffic exactly can’t be modeled by traffic models, and also car following models based on kinematic flow ...

K ey elements of any new land develo~ment are traffic circulation in and around the site and the potential impact the development may have on the existing street system. Traditionally, the evaluation of these impacts is a four-part process: determining the amount of traffic generated by the site, estimating the origins and destinations of people using the site, assigning traffic to the surround...

Network resources are shared as needed by a community of users. Without effective traffic controls, networks are vulnerable to possible congestion when the offered traffic exceeds the network capacity, leading to serious deterioration of network performance. This chapter gives an overview of traffic control methods and their underlying principles. The main preventive controls are admission cont...

during the recent decades, rapid urbanization growth has led to even faster growth of motorvehicles and especially in large cities. hence, evaluation of the actual level of traffic emissions has gained more interest. this paper, for the first time, presents a bottom-up approach for evaluation of vehicular emissions in tehran- the capital of iran- using the international vehicle emission (ive) m...

the eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye. medicine recognizes that altitudes above 1500 meters start to affect humans so that, the eye is very sensitive to restriction of its supply of oxygen. a dimming of vision acc...