BACKGROUND Little is known about the injury rates in Major League Baseball (MLB) players, as a formal injury surveillance system does not exist. The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of MLB injuries over a 7-year period. HYPOTHESIS Injuries in MLB would be common. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiologic study. METHODS The authors analyzed the MLB disabled list data fr...

valid objective measure that can be easily carrying for assessment of  competitive anxiety is not available in iran. competitive state anxiety inventory-2r (csai-2r) is introduced as a quick and easy diagnostic tool for competitive anxiety. the aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of csai-2r in the part of iranian society. the study population included all volleyball, ...

BACKGROUND Shoulder pain is becoming increasingly problematic in young players as volleyball gains popularity. Associations between repetitive motion and pain and overuse injury have been observed in other overhand sports (most notably baseball). Studies of adult athletes suggest that there is a shoulder pain and overuse problem present in volleyball players, but minimal research has been done ...

Since the 2000 season, an injury surveillance system has been established to monitor injury risk and injury patterns in the Norwegian professional football league. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of routine injury registration performed by medical staff in professional football. The team medical staff completed injury registration forms on a monthly basis throughout the 2007 se...

an investigation of coaches' leadership styles and their effects on athletes' behaviors and incentives can help improve coach-athlete relationship and adopt better decisions and planning. this study aimed at investigating the relationship between coaches’ leadership styles and group cohesion in first division futsal league of mazandaran province. the statistical population consisted o...

The purpose of this study was to identify the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) at youth level in both elite and amateur Spanish soccer clubs, and also to carry out an analysis providing with information on how this effect has evolved in recent years. We have obtained information on the youth teams of the 20 clubs belonging to the Spanish Professional Football League (LFP) in two separate ...

Aims: Hormones' response to competition and their relation to sport matches have been extensively investigated in male and less widely in female athletes. Stress is an irresistible part of every sport match which is mostly caused by competition. In the present study, female volleyball players were examined for changes in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and salivary cortisol in response to competi...