background and aims. traditional methods of diagnosing periodontal diseases have their limitations, which include inability to provide information about the recent activity of the disease and difficulty in diagnosing the disease at an early stage when clinical changes have not started. this has necessitated the use of biomarkers designed to overcome these short-comings. materials and methods. a...

background: cryptorchidism is a common malformation in neonates; surgery or medical treatments are applied during childhood. untreated cryptorchid testes are in the risk of intratubular germ cell neoplasia (igcn) and consequently invasive testicular tumors which could be shown by immunohistochemistry staining for placental like acid phosphatase (plap) marker. objective: we designed this study t...