Over the years a great deal of effort has been made to standardize all pulmonary function tests on adults. Many of the "rules" concerning the interpretation of the spirogram have been based entirely on adult observations. In the age of increasing conformity, and attempts to relate "adult" literature to the pediatric population, the latter was given much less emphasis than the former. This revi...

The development and construction of a new psychometric scale, the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI) for the assessment of gender role behaviour in young children, is reported. The test specification, piloting and item analysis are described. Data are also given on reliability and on the various validation procedures used, as well as on age standardization and norming.

INTRODUCTION Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values are influenced by analytical interferences such as HbF and hemoglobin variants and clinical factors such as increased red cell turnover. Although less well-known, demographic factors such as race, age, and sex also influence HbA1c values. The HbA1c reference range should be homogenous in the United States based on the use of National Glycohemoglobin St...

OBJECTIVES To assess the trends of peripheral arterial disease associated major lower limb amputation in Hungary over a 9 year period (2004-2012) in the whole Hungarian population. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study employing administrative health care data. Major amputations were identified in the entire Hungarian population during a 9 year period (2004-2012) using the health care...

OBJECT Recent legislation and media coverage have heightened awareness of concussion in youth sports. Previous work by the authors' group defined significant variation of care in management of children with concussion. To address this variation, a multidisciplinary concussion program was established based on a uniform management protocol, with emphasis on community outreach via traditional medi...

One of the main elements of dendrochronological standardization is removing the biological trend, i.e. the progressive decline of ring width along a cross-sectional radius that is caused by the corresponding increase in stem size and tree age over time. The ‘‘conservative’’ option for removing this biological trend is to fit a modified negative exponential curve (or a straight line with slope #...

clinicians should be aware of new developments to familiarize themselves with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of new anticoagulant agents to appropriately and safely use them. for the moment, cardiologists and other clinicians also require to master currently available drugs, realizing the mechanism of action, side effects, and laboratory monitoring to measure their anticoag...

Recent years have witnessed a parallel and seemingly contradictory trend towards both the standardization and the customization of healthcare and medical treatment. Here, we explore what is meant by ‘standardization’ and ‘customization’ in healthcare settings and explore the implications of these changes for healthcare delivery. We frame the paradox of these divergent and opposing factors in te...