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Japanese life expectancy increased by about 13.7 years during the first decade after World War II, despite the country's post-war poverty. Although it is known that medical progress explains part of this increase, roles of non-medical factors have not been systematically studied. This study hypothesizes that non-medical factors, in addition to medical factors, are associated with the rapid incr...

After World War II, Europe, especially western Europe and northern Europe, gradually stepped onto a path of social development that was different from America. Quite a lot of socialistic new factors came into being in the production relations, class relations, income distribution and superstructure, etc, in these countries, so that the capitalism in Europe presented obvious staggered qualitativ...

In this paper I survey and reinterpret the extensive literature on Europe’s Great Depression. I argue that Europe could not exploit its vast economic potential after 1918, because the war had not yet come to an end—indeed, it did not end before 1945. Both domestic and international institutions suffered from a lack of reciprocal trust and commitment, which can be clearly illustrated in the real...

I. After World War II, an all-encompassing effort was undertaken to eliminate for the future the risk of war between European countries which twice in this century had spread to the whole world. From the beginning, also economic cooperation arid monetary integration were politically motivated--by tying the European countries together in a common institutional framework and by rebuilding their e...

the purpose of this paper is to apply ibn-khaldun’s dialectic of asabiyya to explain the nature of relationship between war and the world order in the modern era via ‘macro structural change’. it is argued here that these changes in the world order in the modern times have a dialectical relationship with war. here, ibn-khaldun’s approach to historical change is applied for the explication of th...

Missile injuries of the kidney are rare even in wartime. Of 4500 patients admitted to the Ghaem Medical Center in the first two years of the Iran-Iraq war, only 96 had injuries of the genitourinary tract (2.1 %) and only 35 involved the kidney usually with multiple injuries to other viscera. The mortality for those with urogenital injuries was 8.3% (compared with World War I, 60% and World...

The early history of psychotherapy in the Netherlands hardly differs from that of the surrounding countries. Somewhat later than in France and Germany, psychotherapy appeared during the last decades of the nineteenth century, with general practitioners who started to treat their patients (mainly for all kinds of somatic complaints) by psychological means. In the early decades of the twentieth c...

What does it mean to communicate and how “best” can this action be accomplished? Perhaps the second part of this question, rather than the first, describes the history of approaches to ideas of communication and their practices. The first “official” textbook providing a window on this history reveals a remarkable consensus on what “communication” and related terms should mean, if not directly i...