introduction anabolic-androgenic steroids (aas), a synthetic derivate of testosterone, have become a popular drug among athletes and bodybuilders to enhance muscle mass and improve the athletic performance. many pathological effects such as hepatic and endocrine dysfunction, behavioural changes and cardiovascular complications have been reported. case report within these ast ones, we find an in...

background: understanding the nature and causes of medical adverse events may help their prevention. this system­atic re­view explores the types, risk factors, and likely causes of preventable adverse events in the hospital sector. methods: medline (1970-2008), embase, cinahl (1970-2005) and the reference lists were used to identify the stud­ies and a structured narrative method used to synthes...

Unwanted effects can occur with all medical interventions and most of these are adverse but this paper concentrates on adverse effects in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of drug treatments. The process relies on a patient or health professional noticing and recording an adverse effect. Randomisation is the main tool for inferring causality and distinguishing between adverse events (co-incid...

We analyze a multiple-activity, principal-agent model in which the activities are naturally substitutable for the agent and complementary for the principal. A basic result is that the optimal compensation must cause the agent to view the activities as complements. This complementarity is achieved by employing a compensation scheme that is typically nonmonotone and makes success on multiple dime...

Background: Medical errors are those mistakes committed by healthcare professionals due to wrong execution of a planned healthcare action or execution of a wrong healthcare action plan whether or not it is harmful to the patient. Medical errors may cause patients to suffer and have huge financial costs for the healthcare system. Identifying and measuring medical errors and adverse events are es...

this cross sectional study was carried out between 1993 to 1998 at razi skin hospital, the affiliated dermatology department of tehran university of medical sciences. eight hundred patients receiving etretinate for various skin diseases took part in this study. among them, 457 patients with first admission to dermatologic clinic who had at least four regular sequential visits and responding to ...

the aims of this study were to determine hippuric acid and toluene in urine samples, airborne toluene levels, health effects, and to describe any correlation between specimen samples. seventy-five printing workers exposed to toluene at work (exposed group), and 60 nonexposed people (control group) were studied. study participants were selected from same factories in the different positions. uri...

context maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and alpha fetal protein (afp) were originally introduced to detect trisomy 21 and neural tube defects. however, in the absence of aneuploidy or neural tube defects, mid-trimester maternal serum hcg and/or maternal serum afp associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. pregnancies with unexplained mid-trimester elevation in maternal serum ...