In order to control the state of a two-level quantum system (e.g. spin an ion qubit), optical frequency combs perform two-photon stimulated Raman process through absorption from one comb tooth and emission into another tooth. If energy gap is integer multiple repetition rate laser, resonant Rabi oscillations are excited. When these latter have close qubit’s transition one, strongly anharmonic p...

Introduction: Permanent first molar is the most important unit in the chewing system. Ear-ly loss of first molars can significantly reduce chewing efficiency, increase overbite, lead to premature eruption of the permanent second and third molars, and displacement of adjacent teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the associated factors of permanent first molar caries in 7-9 years old...

Although periapical inflammatory lesions are usually resulted by infection in the root canal system, this rare case showed that a periapical lesion related to an infected tooth may cause pulpal necrosis in adjacent intact tooth, with no history or clinical signs of caries, disease, trauma or developmental anomaly. This case also suggests that the periapical lesion can be treated conservatively,...

Trauma with accompanying crown or root fracture of young permanent incisor is a major problem and a tragic experience and creates a psychological pressure on patients. These cases are sometimes treated with an implant placement after extraction of there lated tooth. We present here an alternative interdisciplinary treatment of severely damaged permanent tooth in a young patient. This case repor...

Hopeless retained primary teeth without permanent successors represent a restorative challenge for clinicians, along with esthetic and functional problems for patients. While various treatment approaches for congenitally missing teeth have been proposed, the replacement of a missing tooth with a dental implant offers specific advantages, such as preservation of the alveolar crest and eliminatio...

Although autogenous tooth transplantation is a widely reported procedure, its success is dependent on a number of factors. Here we describe the surgical technique, endodontic treatment and rehabilitation employed for a patient in whom a lower right third molar was transplanted to substitute an adjacent second molar with extensive caries. During an 8-year follow-up period, normal periodontal hea...

The “biological restoration” is an excellent technique for reconstruction in young traumatized teeth, which is used as intra-root reinforcement an extracted natural tooth. This article reports a case where an 11-year-old patient had his upper incisors affected by fractures from trauma. Due to the young age of the patient, the absence of the natural tooth fragment, the major structural loss and ...

Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Mononuclear cells (osteoclast precursors) must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. These cells, in turn, fuse to form osteoclasts that resorb alveolar bone, forming an eruption pathway for the tooth to exit its bony crypt. Some of the m...

Ankylosis is a condition frequently associated with primary molars, wherein the ankylosed primary teeth remain in a fixed position, while the adjacent teeth continue to erupt, moving occlusally. In this case report, a five-year-old boy, who had a retained and submerged left lower second primary molar, was presented. Luxation of ankylosed primary molar was considered as a treatment approach. Aft...

Methods of exposing impacted teeth in order to bring them into the line of the arch include gingivectomy, the apically repositioned flap and closed eruption techniques. These procedures aim to facilitate the eruption of the impacted tooth with a minimum of disruption or damage to the tooth itself or adjacent structures. The aim of this paper is to discuss the various surgical methods of exposin...