1 TNFα Mechanically Sensitizes Masseter Muscle Nociceptors by 2 Increasing Prostaglandin E2 Levels. 3 4 5 Akhlaq W. Hakim, Xudong Dong, Brian E. Cairns 6 7 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, 8 V6T 1Z3, Canada 9 10 11 12 13 14 Running title: TNFα-induced nociceptor sensitization 15 16 17 18 19 20 Correspondence should be addressed...

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning method which enables a learner to learn tasks in a highdimensional state space. In the upper level, the learner coarsely explores the low-dimensional state space. In the lower level, the learner nely explores the high-dimensional state space. Speci cally, the learner learns to set up appropriate subgoals for the task in the upper l...

objective: ecosystems with mixed species compared to the ones with pure compositions provide a broader range of options in the fields of biodiversity, conservation, protection and restoration. nearly all forest plantations are established as monocultures, but research has shown that there are potential advantages to be gained by using carefully designed species mixtures in place of monocultures...

Modification of stands’ structure and managing them using silvicultural methods close to nature and single selection system require information on status of structure, determining the target diameter, basal area and suitable volume to result in long-term equilibrium and sustainability. So, this study was conducted using the selection sample statistical method by selecting  five 1-ha sample plot...

Case description- A three-month-old male German Shepherd dog, with signs of instability to stand, ataxia and radiographic symptoms of chondrodysplasia is presented. The symptoms were developed since birth.Clinical Findings- On physical examination, the affected pup did not show any swelling, pain or other abnormality in the long bones by palpation, but he had ataxia in walking. Ocular examinati...

hyrcanian forests are the most valuable forests in the north of iran and industrial harvesting occurs only in this area. it is a productive region near the southern coast of caspian sea. in these forests mixed beech stands mostly shown uneven-aged structure that is managed under selection system. in order to determine the priority of uneven aged method not only from an ecological view, but also...

The wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) computational framework generally includes a wall-model solver outside the (LES) infrastructure, with two solvers communicating only at matching location and wall. Having LES jeopardizes performance of WMLES: first, adds significant overhead; second, solution in wall-adjacent cell is ambiguous; third, it very difficult to utilize emerging high-orde...