While alarmone nucleotides guanosine-3',5'-bisdiphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) are archetypical bacterial second messengers, their adenosine analogues ppApp (adenosine-3',5'-bisdiphosphate) pppApp (adenosine-5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate) toxic effectors that abrogate growth. The alarmones both synthesized degraded by the members of RelA-SpoT Homologue ...

mitochondrial generate cellular energy in the form of atp (adenosine triphosphate) by the process of oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos). most cells contain hundreds of mitochondrial.

The nucleoside adenosine is present within cells and body fluids of all living organisms and its production, both intra- and extracellularly, is tightly coupled to energy consumption resulting in increased level of extracellular adenosine. The physiological effects of adenosine are mediated through four pharmacologically and biochemically distinct adenosine receptors (AR), i.e. A1, A2A, A2B and...

Epilepsy is among the most common disorders of the central nervous system and there is not an absolute method for its treatment. It has been shown that each seizure has a depressing effect on the following seizure. Thus, finding the mechanisms responsible in this phenomenon can improve our knowledge toward new ways for epilepsy treatment. In this study, the role of adenosine A1 receptors in ...

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an acute neurologic emergency. We report the case of a 48-year-old male with massive SAH caused by ruptured aneurysm vertebrobasilar transition. During urgent craniotomy, due to re-rupture, adenosine was given for flow arrest but no sinus pause observed. Esmolol administered and strategies cerebral protection were implemented. The surgeon able clip pa...

adenosine acts as neuromodulator in the brain, which its involvement in a wide range of brain processes and diseases has been studied, such as epilepsy, sleep, anxiety, panic disorder, alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. adenosine receptors have been detected: a1r, a2ar (a2ar), a2br, and a3r. a1r and a2r inhibit camp production, while a2ar and a2br stimulate camp product...

Adenosine exerts physiologically significant receptor-mediated effects on renal function. For example, adenosine participates in the regulation of preglomerular and postglomerular vascular resistances, glomerular filtration rate, renin release, epithelial transport, intrarenal inflammation, and growth of mesangial and vascular smooth muscle cells. It is important, therefore, to understand the m...