Melatonin (MEL) has been reported to have acute enhancing effects on some aspects of cognition. Recently, we revealed that N1-acetyl-5-methoxyquinuramine (AMK), a brain metabolite MEL, is much more potent than MEL in converting short-term memory (STM) long-term (LTM) with single administration immediately after the acquisition trial novel object recognition (NOR) task. These data suggest memory...

Abstract Background The topical inflammatory soup can model the inflammation of dura mater causing hypersensitivity and activation trigeminal system, a phenomenon present in migraineurs. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor, neuronal nitric oxide synthase are important sensitization process there. 5-HT 1B/1D agonists, triptans used as treatment migr...

Angiotensin II (Ang II) may contain a charge relay system (CRS) involving Tyr/His/carboxylate, which creates tyrosinate anion for receptor activation. Energy calculations were carried out to determine the preferred geometry CRS in presence and absence of Arg guanidino group occupying position 2 Ang II. These findings suggest that Tyr is over His bearing negative stabilized by group. Recent crys...

IL-31 receptor blockade suppresses pruritus of atopic dermatitis. However, cell type-specific contributions to itch, its expression mechanism, and the downstream signaling pathway induce itch remain unknown. Here, using conditional knockout mice, we demonstrated that IL-31-induced required sensory neuronal STAT3. was decreased in STAT3 deficient indicating dependent on neurons. In addition, an ...