BACKGROUND/AIMS To examine the cognitive reserve hypothesis by comparing the contribution of early childhood and life course factors related to cognitive functioning in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. METHODS We examined a prospective, national probability cohort study (Health and Retirement Study; 1998-2010) of older adults (n=8,833) in the contiguous 48 United States....

The accessibility of people's highest hopes and achievements can affect their reactions to upward comparisons. Three studies showed that, under normal circumstances, individuals were inspired by an outstanding role model; their motivation and self-evaluations were enhanced. However, when their most positive self-views were temporarily or chronically activated, inspiration was undermined, and in...

Academic achievement is a function of many factors among which the school entry age has been controversial. Although the impact of the age factor is rather obvious, its effect is mediated by factors such a spiritual intelligence, social skills, and creativity. In order to devise a structural model by which the academic achievement can be predicted, a sample of 250 female 10th graders was select...

A widely-cited result in the education production function literature is that the level of measured school inputs (e.g., student–teacher ratio or starting teacher salary) is not associated with differences in student achievement, all else equal. I argue that this result may be attributable in part to the restrictive functional form assumptions used in the existing literature. I use detailed nat...

British scientists have played a leading role in the long history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid research. Such research has progressed from the first crucial evaluation of the medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa in the Western world to pioneering studies of the chemical constituents of this plant, the development of in vitro biological assays to study cannabinoids, the identification o...

Previous research has shown that Need for Cognition (NFC), the individual tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitive endeavors, contributes to academic performance. Most studies on NFC and related constructs have thereby focused on grades to capture tertiary academic success. This study aimed at a more comprehensive approach on NFC's meaning to success in university. We examined not only perform...

In this paper we investigate a vector optimization problem (P) where objective and constraints are given by set-valued maps. We show that by mean of marginal functions and suitable scalarizing functions one can characterize certain solutions of (P) as solutions of a scalar optimization problem (SP) with single-valued objective and constraint functions. Then applying some classical or recent res...

In recent years, the paradigm of ‘soft glassy matter’ has been used to describe diverse nonergodic materials exhibiting strong local disorder and slow mesoscopic rearrangement. As so far formulated, however, the resulting ‘soft glassy rheology’ (SGR) model treats the shear stress in isolation, effectively ‘scalarizing’ the stress and strain rate tensors. Here we offer generalizations of the SGR...