The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (se...

The well known Aristotelian syllogistic system consists of 256 moods. We have found earlier that 136 moods are distinct in terms of equal truth ratios that range in τ=[0,1]. The truth ratio of a particular mood is calculated by relating the number of true and false syllogistic cases the mood matches. A mood with truth ratio is a fuzzy-syllogistic mood. The introduction of (n-1) fuzzy existentia...

A theorem due to Shoesmith and Smiley that axiomatizes twovalued multiple-conclusion logics is extended to partial logics. Rumfitt [1] extends Smiley’s [3] discussion of rejection by axiomatizing a calculus where truth values of sentences are given by truth tables that admit truth-value gaps. “The Smiley multiple-conclusion consequence relation” for the calculus is defined over assertions and r...

One task in legal decision making is to decide about the facts of a case on the basis of the available evidence. This task is not always easy 1 ; often the evidence in a case points in different directions, for example, when witnesses contradict each other. Determining what exactly can be concluded from the evidence is also not an easy or trivial task. For instance, when an accused’s footprints...

Experimental studies in metacognition indicate that a variety of norms are used by humans and some non-human agents to control and monitor their cognitive performances, such as accuracy, comprehensiveness, intelligibility, coherence, relevance, or consensus. This diversity of epistemic norms motivates a revision of the concept of acceptance. First, there are different forms of acceptance, corre...

Using a framework that distinguishes autobiographical belief, recollective experience, and confidence in memory, we review three major paradigms used to suggest false childhood events to adults: imagination inflation, false feedback and memory implantation. Imagination inflation and false feedback studies increase the belief that a suggested event occurred by a small amount such that events are...

Fake iris detection is to detect and defeat a fake (forgery) iris image input. To solve the problems of previous researches on fake iris detection, we propose the new method of detecting fake iris attack based on the Purkinje image. Especially, we calculated the theoretical positions and distances between the Purkinje images based on the human eye model and the performance of fake detection alg...

This subsection is too short to do justice to its topic. A comprehensive introduction into mathematical logic may be found in the book ”A Tour through Mathematical Logic” by Robert S. Wolf, see [42]. By a statement is meant any sentence for which it is meaningful to consider its truth or falsehood. 8 Thus any statement can be either true or false,— but a statement is not automatically assumed t...

Any mathematical proof is a game. As a game, it is based on a definite set of rules of logic reasoning which altogether constitutes the subject of logic. One of the simplest rules of the theory of logic is a denial of the truth of a given proposition that is expressed as a sentence. The truth of a proposition has to be denied by asserting its negation. Assuming, for example, that the propositio...

This work is a technical approach to modeling false information nature, design, belief impact and containment in multi-agent networks. We present a Bayesian mathematical model for source information and viewer’s belief, and how the former impacts the latter in a media (network) of broadcasters and viewers. Given the proposed model, we study how a particular information (true or false) can be op...