Carbamazepine (CBZ) is well known as a model active pharmaceutical ingredient used in the study of polymorphism and the generation and comparison of cocrystal forms. The pharmaceutical amide dihydrocarbamazepine (DCBZ) is a less well known material and is largely of interest here as a structural congener of CBZ. Reaction of DCBZ with strong acids results in protonation of the amide functionalit...

The article addresses an interesting issue in the development of hybrid surfactants for waterin-CO2 (w/c) microemulsion stabilisation: the role of surfactant headgroup on the surfactant performance. The synthetic procedure, aqueous properties, and phase behaviour of a new hybrid sulfoglutarate surfactant are described. The compound resembles sulfosuccinate surfactants, commonly used to stabiliz...

One group of disinfection byproducts of increasing interest are the halogenated furanones, which are formed in the chlorination of drinking water. Among these halofuranones is mucochloric acid (MCA, 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one), and mucobromic acid (MBA, 3,4-dibromo-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one). Both mucohalic acids (MXA) are direct genotoxins and potential carcinogens, with the capacity...

The diuretic activity of methanol extract of Oxystelma esculentum aerial parts (MEOE) was studied in male Wister albino rats at 5h and 24h interval. The animals were divided into 5 groups: control, urea, furosemide and 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg MEOE. The extract was administered intraperitoneally (i.p) pretreated and all animals were saline MEOE. The urine volume (in mL) and electrolytes excretio...

Intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of diversely substituted N-Boc protected 4-(allylaminomethyl)-2(5H)-furanones resulted in rigid products (53-75%) with three spatially defined positions for further functionalisation.

The cascade reactions of 1-arenoylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids with arenes proceed smoothly in freshly distilled HOTf to give the corresponding tetrahydro-5H-benzo[c]fluorene derivatives in good yields along with high stereoselectivities under mild conditions.

Nonlinear properties of lead zirconate-titanate ~PZT! piezoceramics are investigated using ultrasonic second harmonic generation technique. When a sinusoidal ultrasonic wave of frequency v0 is sent into a nonlinear material, the second harmonic wave with frequency 2v0 is generated. Through measuring the absolute amplitude of the fundamental (v0) and of the second harmonic (2v0) waves, the ultra...

In order to use sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for lactic acid production, optimum conditions for acid hydrolysis of the bagasse were investigated. After lignin extraction, the conditions were varied in terms of hydrochloric (HCl) or sulfuric (H(2)SO(4)) concentration (0.5-5%, v/v), reaction time (1-5h) and incubation temperature (90-120 degrees C). The maximum catalytic efficiency (E) was 10...

Phase velocities of ultrasound are used for characterizing elastic properties of solids. One of the basic requirements is that the sample area should be much larger than the size of the transducer so that plane wave approximation will hold. This geometric requirement may not be possible to realize for some materials that can only be made in very small size. Using poled and unpoled lead zirconat...

A series of 1,2,4-dithiazole were synthesized from 1,2,4-thiadiazoles in the presence of CS(2) and evaluated for their antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic and neurotoxicity potential. The compounds provided significant protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures and seizures induced by 300 mg/kg of subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole administration. The designed compounds (3a-g) w...