This is the second in a series of canonical reviews on invertebrate muscle. We cover here thin and thick filament structure, the molecular basis of force generation and its regulation, and two special properties of some invertebrate muscle, catch and asynchronous muscle. Invertebrate thin filaments resemble vertebrate thin filaments, although helix structure and tropomyosin arrangement show sma...

The modular construction of brain tissue is not solely a feature of vertebrate nervous tissue, but is characteristic of many invertebrate nervous systems as well. Modern vertebrate and invertebrate modules vary over several orders of magnitude in volume but vary less in diameter. Although the physiological and anatomical differences between the modules discussed herein are overpowering, their i...

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 586 WHAT INVERTEBRATES LE RN ........................................................................................ 586 Physiologically Analyzed Learning Paradigms ................................................................... 587 Choice ofParadigms ...

Abstract Background Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages invertebrates vertebrates respectively, consequently many ideas have proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important diversification dynamics, key traits that mediate such may therefore an role ...

The invasive red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) has negatively affected a host of taxonomic groups throughout its acquired North American range. Many studies have hypothesized indirect trophic impacts, but few documented those impacts. We evaluated invertebrate abundance as a factor limiting juvenile survival of the endangered Attwater's prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri), a...

The metabarcoding of vertebrate DNA found in invertebrate-derived (iDNA) has proven a powerful tool for monitoring biodiversity. To date, iDNA primarily been used to detect the presence/absence particular taxa using metabarcoding, though recent efforts demonstrated potential utility these data estimating relative animal abundance. Here, we test whether can also be reconstruct complete mammalian...

Insects possess a surprisingly extensive fossil record. Compilation of the geochronologic ranges of insect families demonstrates that their diversity exceeds that of preserved vertebrate tetrapods through 91 percent of their evolutionary history. The great diversity of insects was achieved not by high origination rates but rather by low extinction rates comparable to the low rates of slowly e...

Gap junctions provide one of the most common forms of intercellular communication. They are composed of membrane proteins that form a channel that is permeable to ions and small molecules, connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Gap junctions serve similar functions in all multicellular animals (Metazoa). Two unrelated protein families are involved in this function; connexins, which are fou...