This essay looks at the historical significance of three APS classic papers that are freely available online: Kuffler SW. Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. J Neurophysiol 16: 37–68, 1953 (http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/37). Dowling JE and Werblin FS. Organization of retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. I. Synaptic structure. J Neurophysiol 32:...

Conceptualization of Gastrointestinal Illness 337 Biomedical Model 337 Biopsychosocial Model 338 Early Life 339 Early Learning 339 Culture and Family 340 Psychosocial Environment 340 Life Stress and Abuse 341 Psychological Factors 341 Coping and Social Support 342 Brain-Gut Axis 342 Stress and Gastrointestinal Function 342 Role of Neurotransmitters 343 Regulation of Visceral Pain 343 Effects of...