*Corresponding author: 17 Teresa Spanu 18 Istituto di Microbiologia 19 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 20 Largo Gemelli, 8 21 00168 – Rome (Italy) 22 Tel: +39 06 30154218; Fax: +39063051152 23 e-mail: [email protected] 24 Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/JCM.00284-12 JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 23, No. 2, 186–187 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved. doi:1...

*Corresponding author: 17 Teresa Spanu 18 Istituto di Microbiologia 19 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 20 Largo Gemelli, 8 21 00168 – Rome (Italy) 22 Tel: +39 06 30154218; Fax: +39063051152 23 e-mail: [email protected] 24 Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/JCM.00284-12 JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on ...

Article history: Received 19 August 2011 Received in revised form 4 March 2012 Accepted 8 March 2012 Available online 23 April 2012 The review of this paper was arranged by Prof. S. Cristoloveanu

limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors indispensable parts of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of 1/2 and 1/3. the answer is often 2/5. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators {Silver. 1986). But ...

Article history: Received 23 October 2010 Received in revised form 4 January 2012 Accepted 6 January 2012 Available online 14 January 2012 JEL classification: F10 F12 F14 F16 L22 J24

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...