Decentralizing natural resource management to local people, especially in tropical countries, has become a trend. We review recent evidence for the impacts of decentralization on the biodiversity values of forests and forested landscapes, which encompass most of the biodiversity of the tropics. Few studies document the impact of decentralized management on biodiversity. We conclude that there m...

Defined as "the division of public authority between two or more constitutionally defined orders of government – and a set of ideas which underpin such institutions", federalism emphasizes issues such as shared and divided sovereignty, multiple loyalties and identities, and governance through multi‐level institutions. Proponents of federalism have linked federalism with improved economic and so...

Since leadership plays a vital role in democratic movements, understanding the nature of democratic leadership is essential. However, the definition of democratic leadership is unclear (Gastil, 1994). Also, little research has defined democratic leadership in the context of democratic movements. The leadership literature has paid no attention to democratic leadership in such movements, focusing...

Nation building is a multifaceted and never ending process. It can be about national identity (Shore and Wright 1997:24-29; May 2003:1) and common symbols and rituals (Hansen and Stepputat 2001; Comaroff and Comaroff 2001:37-40) or, on the contrary, it can be about the official recognition of diversity (Van Cott 2000). It is about a shared history, but also about the invention of tradition and ...

This article engages with debates about the conceptualisation and practical challenges of patient and public involvement (PPI) in health and social care services. Policy in this area in England has shifted numerous times but increasingly a consumerist discourse seems to override more democratic ideas concerning the relationship between citizens and public services. Recent policy change in Engla...

All over the world, local, regional and national governments are exploring various governance approaches ranging from public-private partnerships to civic engagement and citizen participation. All of these meet the interdependency character of complex decision making process. In the governance literature, different forms of governance arrangements are seen as promising solution for managing suc...

Khaleghian studies the Impact of political the two groups. In the low-income group, development decentralization on childhood immunization, an essential assistance reduces the gains from decentralization. In the public service provided in almost all countries. He middle-income group, democratic government mitigates examines the relationship empirically using a time-series the negative effects o...

Economists have used the mechanism of interjurisdictional competition to explain how decentralization affects the degree of property rights protection. This fails however to account for another significant question: In China, can the local decentralization from the provincial level to the prefectural (county) level be more effective in protecting the private property rights of investors, especi...