Mastitis is a mammary infection caused by the passage of pathogens into the mammary gland. Deteriorations in teat health are shown to be related to this type of infection [1]. Rough or cracked teats allow mastitis pathogens to colonize the udder. Roughness and cracking of the teat is related to hyperkeratosis, the condition of teat end callosity. Rough or cracked teats allow mastitis pathogens ...

A variation on the classic ablation method was used to determine whether O(2) uptake or ionoregulation is the first to shift from the skin to the gills in developing zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish larvae, ranging in age from 3 to 21 days postfertilization, were prevented from ventilating their gills and forced to rely on cutaneous processes by exposing them to one of two anaesthetics (tricai...

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Influence of organic biphasic pretreatment on levoglucosan (LG) yield from biomass pyrolysis was investigated with dilute sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide as comparison, simultaneously, the mechanism explored in depth. It found that monophasic (water) conditions, pretreatment, LG all increase largely (from untreated 28% to treated 60–85%) due removal hemicellulose or lignin. Phenoxyethanol in...

To our knowledge, no previous anaesthetic experiments are conducted on shabbout fish. The results from the present study indicated that the induction times decreased significantly as the doses increased in all the anaesthetics (p < /em>

Sympathetic activation leading to increased levels of blood catecholamines, and stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary inter-renal axis leading to increased cortisol, are difficult to avoid when handling animals. Yet, in research on effects of acute stress, elicitation of such responses must be minimized in the control groups. The work examines means to achieve a minimally disturbed state in...