An integrated pest management (IPM) pilot program for landscape plants was implemented during 1997 and 1998 on two commercial, two residential, and one institutional property managed by landscape professionals. When compared with preprogram, calendar-based cover spray program costs at these sites in 1996, the IPM program was cost-effective at one of the five sites in both 1997 and 1998, and cos...

An important step in the characterization of any protein is to determine whether it exists in a complex with other proteins and, if it does, to identify its partners. This chapter describes a new technique to identify interacting proteins. It is a based on in vitro expression cloning (IVEC), which was recently developed to screen cDNA libraries rapidly and systematically according to the functi...

webometrics, the quantitative study of Web-based phenomena (defined more precisely later) was born in 1997 (Almind and Ingwersen 1997) and was driven rapidly forward by a number of pioneering researchers and investigations (Aguillo 1998; Bar-Ilan 1999; Ingwersen 1998; Rodríguez and Gairín 1997; Rousseau 1997; Smith 1999) to establish itself as apparently the largest coherent field within librar...

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are increasing globally in both frequency and strength, they can elicit coral bleaching events. The 1997–1998 ENSO caused mass mortality with a 96% decline live cover along the Central Mexican Pacific. However, recent years, these sites have shown signs of recovery. We used data collected 1997 2015–2017 to evaluate recovery this region levels now reach...

Meiosis is the mechanism by which sexually reproducing organisms efficiently halve their diploid DNA content and thereby compensate for genome doubling at fertilization. As a prerequisite to this process homologues must recognize, align, pair and recombine during a lengthy first meiotic prophase (von Wettstein et al., 1984; John, 1990; Loidl, 1990; Roeder, 1997). A universal feature of first me...