We here present a reconstruction (1725–1999) of the winter Pacific North American (PNA) pattern based on three winter climate sensitive tree ring records from the western USA. Positive PNA phases in our record are associated with warm phases of ENSO and PDO and the reorganization of the PNA pattern towards a positive mode is strongest when ENSO and PDO are in phase. Regime shifts in our PNA rec...

The medicinal use of chocolate has a long history in North America dating back to the 16th century. From Mesoamerican Codices and European Treatises scholars have determined that for hundreds of years the beverage called chocolate was administered to the sick and prescribed homeopathically to prevent illness. Yet, little scholarship exists that focuses on medicinal chocolate usage in early Nort...

Tuberculosis (TB), resulting from infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), is a resurgent and major worldwide health problem. TB was the principal cause of early death in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was still a greatly feared disease in the 19th and early part of the 20th century (the “white plague”), when there was no active treatment available. Yet by th...

Bell's palsy is named after Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842), who has long been considered to be the first to describe idiopathic facial paralysis in the early 19th century. However, it was discovered that Nicolaus Anton Friedreich (1761-1836) and James Douglas (1675-1742) preceded him in the 18th century. Recently, an even earlier account of Bell's palsy was found, as observed by Cornelis Stalpart...

Results This study looks at inception and development of medical departments in girls’ schools the Russian Empire during second half 18th beginning 19th century, first which was founded 1764. Materials methods. The problems article, based on a wide range sources, both archival published, studied using principles objectivity historicism, still remain unexplored. Results. Empress Catherine II her...

In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — replacement of the traditional type population reproduction with modern one. A significant part had rationalized behavior; indicators improved; efficiency increased; intra-family relations been humanized; and individual birth control developed mainly in cities. The earlier than is commonly thought among townspeople Saint Petersburg provinc...