The development of transportation networks has been an important factor in accelerating economic and trade progress Lampung southern Sumatra since the second decade 20th century. facilities changed centers activity settlements region from being centered around rivers to roads railways. This article discusses transport support changes mid-19th century third study also explains creating trans Jav...

The identity of the nominal taxon Taxigramma pseudaperta Séguy, 1941 [type locality: France, Corse] is revised and an improved circumscription based partly on reared material of both sexes is presented through comparison with the very similar and sympatric species T. multipunctata (Rondani, 1859). A table is provided to separate first instars, puparia, males and females of these two taxa.

The genus Helibatus consists of two species: H. morio Mulsant & Rey, 1859 and newly described H. banaszkiewiczae sp. nov. The species differ from each other in the structure of the metaventral process. The genus is distributed in Southern Africa--a distribution map for the two known species is provided.

Three new species of Macrelmis Motschulsky, 1859 (Macrelmis bispo sp. nov., Macrelmis froehlichi sp. nov., and Macrelmis nessimiani sp. nov.) are herein described and illustrated. The species were collected from several streams in Goiás State, Brazil, a formerly unknown region concerning Elmidae fauna. We also provide an updated key for the Macrelmis species of Brazil.