BACKGROUND There are several health benefits that honeybee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly claim toward various types of diseases in addition to being food. SCOPE AND APPROACH In this paper, the effects of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on different metabolic diseases, cancers, and other diseases have been reviewed. The modes of actions of these products have also been ill...

A block to polyspermy in amphibians is established at fertilization by the conversion of the vitelline envelope to the fertilization envelope. In Xenopus laevis a major ultrastructural change in the envelope at fertilization is the appearance of an electron-dense layer, termed the F layer, between the envelope and the inner-most jelly coat layer, J(1). The F layer is derived, at least in part, ...

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are damaging for aquatic organisms such as amphibians. In this study, toxicity of a mixture of three PAHs (naphthalene (2 rings), phenanthrene (3 rings) and pyrene (4 rings)) was tested on Common frog (Rana temporaria) embryos. The protective role of the jelly coat surrounding the eggs was studied by exposing embryos with and without jelly coat to PAHs di...

To determine the effects of ingested royal jelly (RJ) on the pituitary in middle-aged female rats, we performed a long-term RJ administration test. Several animals showed age-related increases in pituitary weight, and RJ administration compensated for the increase. RJ tended to down-regulate prolactin mRNA and up-regulated thyroid-stimulating hormone beta mRNA in the pituitary. This suggests th...