OBJECTIVE The preservation of Streptococcus pneumoniae by standard freezing methods for subsequent tests--such as serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility--is not possible or is difficult in many developing countries because of the high cost of equipment, inadequate equipment maintenance, and irregular power supply. We evaluated alternative low-cost methods, by comparing different culture media...

In this paper, characterizations of the degree to which a mapping $mathcal{T} : L^{X}longrightarrow M$ is an $(L, M)$-fuzzy topology are studied in detail.What is more, the degree to which an $L$-subset is an $L$-open set with respect to $mathcal{T}$ is introduced.Based on that, the degrees to which a mapping $f: Xlongrightarrow Y$ is continuous,open, closed or a quotient mapping with respect t...

BACKGROUND Lateral maternal tilt reduces aortocaval compression and the consequent cardiovascular instability. METHODS We measured the angle of table tilt used by 16 anaesthetists during uncomplicated, elective Caesarean section. After initiating anaesthesia, they were asked to position the patient and estimate the angle of tilt, which was then measured. RESULTS Almost every anaesthetist po...

We studied interindividual variation in body temperature and energy expenditure, the relation between these two, and the effect of mild decrease in environmental temperature (16 vs. 22 degrees C) on both body temperature and energy expenditure. Nine males stayed three times for 60 h (2000-0800) in a respiration chamber, once at 22 degrees C and twice at 16 degrees C, in random order. Twenty-fou...

The NA-K-ATPase of toad skin was characteristically sensitive to Na, K, and ATP. It was not affected by amiloride, vasopressin, cAMP, and thyroxine, but stimulated by insulin. Ouabain, a potent inhibitor at 37 degrees C, did not inhibit the enzyme activity significantly at 23 degrees C. The optimal pH for the enzyme activity increased as temperature decreased. However, the optimal OH-/H+ ratio ...

PURPOSE In human albinism a part of the temporal retina projects abnormally to the contralateral hemisphere. An objective VEP procedure to quantify the extent of the abnormality was devised. METHODS Monocular VEPs were recorded in 16 subjects with albinism and in 16 controls from occipital electrodes to pattern-onset stimulation in 1 of 10 adjacent rectangular apertures along the horizontal m...

Residual stress and strain, i.e., the stress and strain remaining in a solid when all external loads are removed, may be produced in biological tissues by differential growth. During cardiac development, residual stress and strain may play a role in cardiac morphogenesis by affecting ventricular wall stress. After a transmural radial cut, a passive ventricular cross section opens into a sector,...

Alman ceza hukukunda intihar etmek suç değildir. Suç olmayan bir eyleme iştirak edenler de hukukundaki bağlılık kuralı gereğince cezalandırılamaz. Ancak kamuoyunda ve bilim çevrelerinde intihara yardım niteliğindeki bazı eylemlerin cezalandırılması gerektiği konusu, yoğun olarak tartışılmaktadır. Bu tartışmalar neticesinde 2015 yılında, belli eylemler Ceza Kanunu’nun 217. paragrafı ile cezai ya...