Middleware consists of a layer of services added between those of a regular network OS and the actual applications. These services facilitate the implementation of distributed applications and attempt to hide the heterogeneity of the underlying system architectures (both hardware and software). Middleware is usually based on a particular paradigm, or model, for describing distribution and commu...

In a distributed file system (DFS), multiple clients share files provided by a shared file system. In the DFS paradigm communication between processes is done using these shared files. Although this is similar to the DSM and distributed object paradigms (in that communication is abstracted by shared resources) a major difference between these paradigms and the DFS paradigm is that the resources...

• We can still talk about reversibility if the chain is only irreducible and positive-recurrent. • If one assumes that the chain is in stationary distribution from the start, then the backwards chain Xn, Xn−1, . . . has the same transition probabilities as the original chain, hence the name “reversible”. • If π∗ satisfies the detailed balance equation, then π∗ = π∗P . • The reciprocal statement...

We now discuss the theory of fixed–order constant–step–size linear multistep methods. This classical theory is presented in [HNW93] Sect. III.1–4 (nons-tiff) and [HW96] Sect. V.1 (stiff), as well as [Gea71] Chap. 7, [Lam91] Chap. 3, [Sha94] Chap. 4, and many other sources. While multistep methods are rarely used in practice with fixed order and constant step size, this theory is useful because ...

We now begin the definition and construction of Runge-Kutta methods. These one–step methods are essentially always stable, but designing Runge– Kutta methods which are consistent to high order can be difficult. This theory is presented in Sec. We have already seen several examples of Runge–Kutta methods: explicit and implicit Euler, the implicit midpoint rule, the explicit midpoint rule with Eu...

background: the purpose of this study was to examine whether the frequency of breakfast eating was related with overweight/obesity in korean adolescents. method: we analyzed the data collected in the 5 th kyrbws, in which 72,399 adolescents participated in 2009. we assessed the association between frequency of breakfast eating and body mass index by using multivariate logistic regression analys...