Directional distance function (DDF) is a recognized technique for measuring efficiency while incorporating undesirable outputs. This approach allows for desirable outputs to be expanded while undesirable outputs are contracted simultaneously. A drawback of the DDF approach is that the direction vector to the production boundary is fixed arbitrarily, which may not provide the best efficiency mea...

Environmental sustainability is an important issue for many individuals, businesses, and governments nowadays. One of the road blocks to sustainable practice is cost, which is an important consideration, particularly for business. The eco-efficiency movement was initiated to address this concern. This chapter reviews the eco-efficiency concept and explains why it is becoming a current issue for...

Participants tasted two cups of coffee, decided which they preferred, and then rated each coffee. They were told (in lure) that one of the cups contained "eco-friendly" coffee while the other did not, although the two cups contained identical coffee. In Experiments 1 and 3, but not in Experiment 2, the participants were also told which cup contained which type of coffee before they tasted. The ...

The major goal of ecological evolutionary developmental biology, also known as "eco-evo-devo," is to uncover the rules that underlie the interactions between an organism's environment, genes, and development and to incorporate these rules into evolutionary theory. In this chapter, we discuss some key and emerging concepts within eco-evo-devo. These concepts show that the environment is a source...

INTRODUCTION On 8 June 2017, the Supreme Court in the United Kingdom rejected a legal appeal in the high-profile case of Charlie Gard, a British infant with a severe genetic disorder whose parents had disagreed with medical professionals and were requesting treatment that the doctors believed was futile. The case was the latest in a series of UK legal cases where courts have authorized withdraw...

This study aims to contribute to the literature on the microeconomics of eco-innovation from a behavioural perspective. To this end, the Carnegie School ́s model of the ́initiation of inno-vation ́ was condensed into the empirically applicable model of the ?Composed Eco-Initiation Structure? (CEIS). The CEIS focuses upon the following three variables: general environmental goals, regulation-speci...