We review the surface air temperature record of the past 150 years, considering the homogeneity of the basic data and the standard errors of estimation of the average hemispheric and global estimates. We present global fields of surface temperature change over the two 20-year periods of greatest warming this century, 1925–1944 and 1978–1997. Over these periods, global temperatures rose by 0.378...

1. introduction climate is a large system which is produced due to the relation and action between other large systems. if a change occurs in one of these systems, other systems will coordinate themselves with the change fast or slowly. the consequences of this coordination will impress the system that is starter of this change and an endless continuum of the links connects these systems togeth...

Temperature trends in the UTLS region are under-reported, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere, and yet temperature is one of the most important indicators of changes in dynamical and radiative processes in the atmosphere. Here radiosonde data from Durban, South Africa (30.0 S, 30.9 E) over the period 1980 to 2001 (22 years) between 250 and 20 hPa are used to derive a mean temperature climat...

The study examines long-term changes and short-term fluctuations in ambient temperature of North East India during 1901-2003 located in part of the Eastern Himalayan region of the Brahmaputra Basin. Long-term linear trends were examined with the Mann-Kendal rank statistic and moving average method while the short-term fluctuations were studied by applying Cramer’s test. The results showed signi...

A procedure is described to construct time series of regional surface temperatures and is then applied to interior central California stations to test the hypothesis that century-scale trend differences between irrigated and nonirrigated regions may be identified. The procedure requires documentation of every point in time at which a discontinuity in a station record may have occurred through (...

in recent years, mangrove forests with the high economical and environmental value are threatened with extinction by human activities. ex-situ conservation is an appropriate method to conservation this forest. this study was conducted with the purpose of studying the role of climatology factors as one of the most important environmental parameters in dispersion of mangrove forests of hormozgan ...

Abstract Forecasting electrical energy demand and consumption is one of the important decision-making tools in distributing companies for making contracts scheduling and purchasing electrical energy. This paper studies load consumption modeling in Hamedan city province distribution network by applying ESN neural network. Weather forecasting data such as minimum day temperature, average day temp...