The sphingomyelin-derived messenger ceramides provoke neuronal apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, while the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) promotes neuronal survival and inhibits caspase-3 activity. However, the mechanisms leading to the opposite regulation of caspase-3 by C2-ceramide and PACAP are currently unknown. Here, we show that PACAP prevent...

The currently available data on the distribution of C2 fracture subtypes is sparse. This study was designed to identify the proportions of the second cervical vertebra (C2) fracture subtypes and to present age and gender specific incidences of subgroups. A dataset of all patients treated between 2002 and 2014 for C2 fractures was extracted from the regional hospital information system. C2 fract...

NK cells are regulated by inhibiting and activating cell surface receptors. Most inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I Ags and protect healthy cells from NK cell-mediated autoaggression. However, certain activating receptors, including the human activating killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) 2DS1, also recognize MHC class I. This fact raises the question of how NK cells expressing such acti...

BACKGROUND The posterior screw fixation in atlas via posterior arch and lateral mass, also called C1 "pedicle" screw, combined with C2 pedicle screw fixiation has shown better biomechanical stability in unstable atlantoaxial fractures. However, its popularization has to fulfill the limitation imposed by anatomical characteristics. The aim of this study was to explore the manipulation, effect, a...

The C2 domain is a membrane-targeting domain found in many cellular proteins involved in signal transduction or membrane trafficking. The majority of C2 domains co-ordinate multiple Ca(2+) ions and bind the membrane in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. To understand the mechanisms by which Ca(2+) mediates the membrane binding of C2 domains, we measured the membrane binding of the C2 domains of group I...

The articles [9], [1], [3], [4], [6], [5], [2], [7], and [8] provide the notation and terminology for this paper. We use the following convention: q, r, c, c1, c2, c3 are quaternion numbers and x1, x2, x3, x4, y1, y2, y3, y4 are elements of R. 0H is an element of H. 1H is an element of H. Next we state several propositions: (1) For all real numbers x, y, z, w holds 〈x, y, z, w〉H = x+y · i+ z · ...

This is the final paper in a series of papers presented at previous ICCRTS conferences from 2005 on, and in the International C2 Journal, aiming at developing a science of command and control (C2). Specifically, the aim has been to search for an appropriate ontological framework for the study of C2 which will let us escape from the current fragmentation of the field. This work has led to the vi...

Structural variation in the second component of human complement was identified in about 4% of serum samples from random unrelated individuals of all the major races. Three forms of C2 have been identified by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel and development of patterns in agarose gel containing antibody-sensitized sheep red cells and C2-deficient serum: C2 C (common), C2 A (acidic), a...