Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is applied to the manufacture of immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs) in a number of regions around the world. Within the European Union (EU) there are well-established requirements for GMP in the manufacture of IVMPs. Maintaining GMP when producing IVMPs is important because there are particular risks associated with their manufacture. These ris...

Bis-(3',5') cyclic di-guanylate (c-di-GMP) is a key bacterial second messenger that is implicated in the regulation of many crucial processes that include biofilm formation, motility and virulence. Cellular levels of c-di-GMP are controlled through synthesis by GGDEF domain diguanylate cyclases and degradation by two classes of phosphodiesterase with EAL or HD-GYP domains. Here, we have determi...

GMP reductase was purified 150,000-fold from human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography on Cibacron blue/agarose. The enzyme was stable to storage and could be assayed spectrophotometrically. Plots of the velocity-* uersus [GMP]-’ demonstrated downward curvature above 250 pM GMP. GTP was found to be a nonessential activator. It caused the K’, for GMP to decrease from 7.5 to 4.4 pM and the V&...

Enteric bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Aerobader aerogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium are not only able to synthesize adenosine 5’-phosphate and guanosine 5’-phosphate de novo, but they can also derive the purine moieties of these nucleotides from each of the purine bases, adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and xanthine, as well as from adenosine, inosine, and guanosine (2). Some of the reac...

The EAL domain (also known as domain of unknown function 2 or DUF2) is a ubiquitous signal transduction protein domain in the Bacteria. Its involvement in hydrolysis of the novel second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) was demonstrated in vivo but not in vitro. The EAL domain-containing protein Dos from Escherichia coli was reported to hydrolyze cyclic AMP (cAMP), implying that EAL domai...

In nature, the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi cycles between the unrelated environments of the Ixodes tick vector and mammalian host. In order to survive transmission between hosts, B. burgdorferi must be able to not only detect changes in its environment, but also rapidly and appropriately respond to these changes. One manner in which this obligate parasite regulates and adapts t...

A sensitive enzymatic procedure has been developed for the determination of guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). It is based on the conversion of cyclic GMP to GMP by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and on the transfer of (32)P from [gamma-(32)P]ATP to GMP by the action of a specific ATP:GMP phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.4.8). The [(32)P]GDP is separated from the remaining [(32)P...

In some Proteobacteria and Firmicutes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Xanthomonas campestris, and Clostridium difficile, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is known to regulate cellular processes, including motility, biofilm formation, and virulence, as a second messenger. Cellulose production in Acetobacter xylinum, a model organism of cellulose biosynthesis, al...