The present matter density of the Universe, while highly inhomogeneous on small scales, displays approximate homogeneity on large scales. We propose that whereas it is justified to use the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) line element (which describes an exactly homogeneous and isotropic universe) as a template to construct luminosity distances in order to compare observations with theory, the ...

It is shown that the differential form of Friedmann equations of FRW universe can be recast as a similar form of the first law ,TAdSA = dE + WdV , of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of FRW universe filled with the viscous fluid. It is also shown that the generalized second law of thermodynamics holds at the apparent horizon of FRW universe and preserves dominant energy condition. PACS nu...

We study the closed universe recollapse conjecture for positively curved FriedmannRobertson-Walker (FRW) models in the Jordan frame of the second order gravity theory. We analyse the late time evolution of the model with the methods of the dynamical systems. We find that an initially expanding closed FRW universe, starting close to the Minkowski spacetime, may exhibit oscillatory behaviour.

We study the closed universe recollapse conjecture for positively curved FriedmannRobertson-Walker (FRW) models in the Jordan frame of the second order gravity theory. We analyse the late time evolution of the model with the methods of the dynamical systems. We find that an initially expanding closed FRW universe, starting close to the Minkowski spacetime, may exhibit oscillatory behaviour.

The Cardassian universe is a proposed modification to the Friedmann Robertson Walker equation (FRW) in which the universe is flat, matter dominated, and accelerating. In this presentation, we generalize the original Cardassian proposal to include additional variants on the FRW equation; specific examples are presented. In the ordinary FRW equation, the right hand side is a linear function of th...

Abstract. In this study, idealized cloud-resolving simulations are performed for horizontally uniform and steady southwesterly flow at fixed direction–speed combinations to investigate rainfall characteristics the role of complex topography in Taiwan during Mei-yu season without influence a front or other disturbances. Eight directions (180 285∘, every 15∘) eight speeds (5 22.5 m s−1, 2.5 s−1) ...