A cavitation event in a vessel replaces water with a mixture of water vapor and air. A quantitative theory is presented to argue that the tempo of filling of vessels with air has two phases: a fast process that extracts air from stem tissue adjacent to the cavitated vessels (less than 10 s) and a slow phase that extracts air from the atmosphere outside the stem (more than 10 h). A model was des...

The effects of moderate salinity on the responses of woody plants to UV-B radiation were investigated using two Populus species (Populus alba and Populus russkii). Under UV-B radiation, moderate salinity reduced the oxidation pressure in both species, as indicated by lower levels of cellular H2O2 and membrane peroxidation, and weakened the inhibition of photochemical efficiency expressed by O-J...

In order to study of the form-genus Cytospora, around 400 specimens were collected from all over the Iran during 2003-2005. In this paper, the first part of the obtained results, including seven form-species are presented. Cytospora atrocirrhata, C. carbonacea, C. gutnerae, C. nivea and C. rosarum are reported as new members for mycoflora of Iran. Also, Vitis vinifera for C. leucostoma and Celt...

Caffeoyl coenzyme A-3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) plays an important role in lignin biosynthesis and is encoded by two genes in poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Here, we describe the expression pattern conferred by the two CCoAOMT promoters when fused to the gus-coding sequence in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba). Both genes were expressed similarly in xylem and differentially ...

The law surrounding the patentability of computer-implemented inventions is extraordinarily unclear. Thankfully, the Federal Circuit has granted rehearing en banc to CLS Bank v. Alice to determine the test for computer-implemented inventions under § 101. This Note identifies three current approaches in Federal Circuit doctrine, and finds each lacking. In their place, this Note proposes and defe...

Complete larval development and first crab stages of the sesarmid crabs Armases roberti (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) and A. ricordi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) from Jamaica were obtained from laboratory culture. All larval stages (four zoeal stages and the megalopa) and the first juvenile crab stage of A. roberti are described and illustrated in detail for the first time, and a previous description of...