CD4 Th differentiation is influenced by costimulatory molecules expressed on conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in regional lymph nodes and results in specific patterns of cytokine production. However, the function of costimulatory molecules on inflammatory (CD11b +) DCs in the lung during recall responses is not fully understood, but it is important for development of novel interventions to li...

PURPOSE Adoptive transfer of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) induces objective tumor responses in clinical trials. In vivo expansion and persistence of these cells are crucial to achieve sustained clinical responses. We aimed to develop an off-the-shelf whole-cell vacci...

T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) polarization of the infl ammatory response is an important component of the asthma paradigm. 5,6 A major effector axis resulting in this polarization is the recognition of allergen presented by dendritic cells in local lymph nodes to the CD4 1 T cell. The differentiation of naive T cells or reactivation of memory T cells is dependent upon costimulatory molecules, such...

Despite their elevated immunogenicity, melanoma lesions often escape immunosurveillance. We have recently demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) accumulating within melanomas are prompted to express tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 4 (TNFSF4, best known as OX40L) and inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), hence becoming able to trigger TH2 and regulatory...