A total factor energy saving target ratio (ESTR) for seventeen APEC economies over 1991-2000 is computed in this paper. All nominal terms are transformed into real terms at the 1995 price level. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach is used to find the energy-saving target (EST) for APEC economies without reducing their maximum potential GDPs. Energy, labor, and capital are the three inp...

We investigated the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains in Japan. A total of 117 APEC strains collected between 2004 and 2007 were examined for PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qepA and oqxAB) by polymerase chain reaction. None of the APEC strains carried qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qepA o...

A 43-MDa conjugative plasmid isolated from an avian septicemic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain possessing genes related to the adhesion and invasion capacities of in vitro-cultured cells was sequenced. The results demonstrated that the 43-MDa plasmid harbors bacterial pathogenicity-related sequences which probably allow the wild-type pathogenic strain to adhere to and invade tissues and to cause...

This study aimed to determine the activity of Ketapang extract (Terminalia cattapa L.) in layers infected with APEC. In vitro that was conducted dilution methods using at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% concentrations. vivo by randomly dividing 20 into five treatment groups, four per group. The chickens (except group P0−) were APEC aged 24 weeks. Then, according divided groups one week. said tre...

Colibacillosis accounts for annual multimillion dollar losses in the poultry industry, and control of this disease is hampered by limited understanding of the virulence mechanisms used by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Previous work in our laboratory has found that the presence of the increased serum survival gene (iss) is strongly associated with APEC but not commensal E. coli, maki...

Three hundred and fifty strains of E. coli isolated from septicemic poultry from seven states of Brazil were examined for presence of nine adhesion-encoding genes, hemagglutination and adherence to chicken tracheal cells (in vitro). Analysis of the strains by colony hybridization tests demonstrated that 93.7% of the isolates were fim +, 17% pap+ and 5.7% were sfa+. The mannose sensitive fimbria...

C. Fred Bergsten is the director of the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics. He was assistant secretary for international affairs of the US Treasury (1977–81) and assistant for international economic affairs at the National Security Council (1969–71). He was chairman of APEC’s Eminent Persons Group, which developed the initial blueprint for the organization’s trade policy st...

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli is an important etiological agent of avian colibacillosis, which manifests as respiratory, hematogenous, meningitic, and enteric infections in poultry. It is also a potential zoonotic threat to human health. The diverse genomes of APEC strains largely hinder disease prevention and control measures. In the current study, pyrosequencing was used to analyze and ch...

The extraintestinal pathogen termed avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is known to cause colibacillosis in chickens. The molecular basis of APEC pathogenesis is not fully elucidated yet. In this work, we deleted a component of the Yad gene cluster (yadC) in order to understand the role of Yad in the pathogenicity of the APEC strain SCI-07. In vitro, the transcription level of yadC was upr...

Systemic infections by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are economically devastating to poultry industries worldwide. E. coli strains belonging to serotypes O1, O2, O18 and O78 are preferentially associated with avian colibacillosis. The rfb gene cluster controlling O antigen synthesis is usually various among different E. coli serotypes. In present study, the rfb gene clusters of E. co...