Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a bacterium associated with respiratory disease, growth retardation, decreased egg production and mortality in chickens and turkeys. The objective of this study was isolation, identification and evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility of ORT bacterium in slaughtered broilers chicken flocks based on cultural and molecular tests in Khuzestan province, s...

We evaluate the e¤ects of a fundamental lever of constitutional design: the duration of public o¢ ce terms. We present a simple model grounded in interviews with legislators and highlight three forces shaping incentives to exert legislative e¤ort. We exploit two natural experiments in the Argentine Congress (where term lengths were assigned randomly) to ascertain which forces are empirically do...

India's National Program for Control of Diarrheal Diseases has established Diarrhea Training and Treatment Units (DTUs) to reduce diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality. The cost-effectiveness and impact of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) were evaluated prospectively in all children presenting to the DTU of I.G. Medical College (Shimla, India) in 1993-94. During the 2-year study period, a to...

Using experimental methods, this paper investigates the limits of communication and leadership in aiding group coordination in a minimum e ort game. Choosing the highest e ort is the payo dominant Nash equilibrium in this game, and communication and leadership are expected to help in coordinating on such an equilibrium. We consider an environment in which the bene ts of coordination are low com...

Aberrant conduction during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (ORT) can prolong the ventriculo-atrial time, which is found essential for reentry in certain situations. To investigate prevalence and different mechanism of aberrancy-dependent ORT. ORT cases relying on aberrancy from 220 our center were searched using following criteria: (1) Multiple episodes with aberrant ECG ; (2) No baseline...

This paper shows that a policy that uniformly increases contestants’ e¤ort costs can lead to an increase in total e¤ort. In asymmetric settings, this “levels the playing …eld”and therefore encourages weaker players (who otherwise would have stayed out) to enter. Paradoxically, a contest designer whose only objective is to maximize total e¤ort may thus wish to make rent-seeking “more di¢ cult.” ...

Cholera drove the sanitary revolution in the industrialized world in the 19th century and now is driving the development of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in the developing world. Despite the long history of cholera, only in the 1960s and 1970s was ORT fully developed. Scientists described this treatment after the discovery of the intact sodium-glucose intestinal cotransport in patients with ch...

BACKGROUND Dehydration associated with gastroenteritis is a serious complication. Oral rehydration is an effective and inexpensive treatment, but some physicians prefer intravenous methods. OBJECTIVES To compare oral with intravenous therapy for treating dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis in children. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Regis...