BACKGROUND Given the elevated potential for primary or transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among newly HIV-infected individuals, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the baseline resistance patterns present in young men of color who have sex with men. METHODS Genotypic data were collected for participants aged 13-24 who were enrolled from seven sites. Univariate and bivariate methods w...

STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized clinical trial. OBJECTIVE Determine the reasons for, and rates of, secondary surgical intervention up to 5 years at both the index and adjacent levels in patients treated with cervical total disc replacement (TDR) or anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Patients undergoing TDR received ProDisc-C. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several outcome-based...

STUDY DESIGN The authors performed a retrospective controlled study of patients diagnosed with lumbar degenerative disc disease who received surgical intervention (either total disc replacement [TDR]/Activ-L or anterior lumbar interbody fusion [ALIF]) at a single tertiary-care hospital from 2007-2010. OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical outcomes after TDR in comparison with ALIF for surgic...

Our objectives were to carry out an epidemiological surveillance study on transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among individuals newly diagnosed of HIV-1 infection during a nine year period in Spain and to assess the role of transmission clusters (TC) in the propagation of resistant strains. An overall of 1614 newly diagnosed individuals were included in the study from January 2004 through Decembe...

Tumor drug resistance (TDR) remains a major obstacle for successful treatment of cancer. Till ninetieth years of past century, resistance of tumors to anticancer drugs was most often ascribed to gene mutations, gene amplification, or epigenetic changes that influence the uptake, metabolism or export of drugs from single cells. Meanwhile it became apparent that TDR was formed at the different le...

Background—Transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) may be related to the genesis of torsade de pointes (TdP) in patients with the long-QT (LQT) syndrome. Experimentally, LQT2 models show increased TDR compared with LQT1, and -adrenergic stimulation increases TDR in both models. Clinically, LQT1 patients experience symptoms at elevated heart rates, but LQT2 patients do so at lower rates. T...

BACKGROUND ACDF has been considered as the gold standard in the treatment of single level cervical disk protrusion. However, it may cause adjacent level degeneration due to regional biomechanical changes. TDR has been applied with satisfactory results for over a decade, but there is no consensus if TDR is safer and more efficient than ACDF. The current study was carried out to compare the effic...

The expansion and differentiation of oval cells in the acetylaminofluorene (AAF)/partial hepatectomy (PH) model was studied utilizing pulse-chase labeling with both tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). Animals in which a significant decrease in serum albumin and increase in alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin were observed demonstrated the most prominent differentiatio...

Calculation of four-dimensional (4D) dose distributions requires the remapping of dose calculated on each available binned phase of the 4D CT onto a reference phase for summation. Deformable image registration (DIR) is usually used for this task, but unfortunately almost always considers only endpoints rather than the whole motion path. A new algorithm, 4D tissue deformation reconstruction (4D ...