In this work, a modular millireactor (MMR) is designed and modeled using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool OpenFOAM. First, method validated against conventional packed bed reactor (PBR) model (1D) with Aspen Plus. Next, applied to study effects of pressure (2–6 MPa) temperature (483–533 K) on performance MMR. Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) CFD results for MMR are compared correspondin...

BACKGROUND In the UK public concern about the safety of the combined measles, mumps and rubella [MMR] vaccine continues to impact on MMR coverage. Whilst the sharp decline in uptake has begun to level out, first and second dose uptake rates remain short of that required for population immunity. Furthermore, international research consistently shows that some parents lack confidence in making a ...

Loss of mismatch repair (MMR) leads to a complex mutator phenotype that appears to drive the development of a subset of colon cancers. Here we show that MMR-deficient tumour cell lines are highly sensitive to the toxic effects of thymidine relative to MMR-proficient lines. This sensitivity was not a direct consequence of MMR deficiency or alterations of DNA precursor metabolism. Instead, MMR-de...

We have reported that transfer of chromosome 3 (Chr3) containing a single wild-type copy of the hMLH1 gene into HCT116 colon cancer cells, a cell line deficient in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) activity attributable to inactivating hMLH1 mutations, corrects all of the aspects of the MMR repair-deficient phenotype. We inhibited the expression of the wild-type hMLH1 gene using antisense RNA in HCT116...

Loss of expression of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins leads to resistance of tumor cells to a variety of DNA-damaging agents, including bifunctional alkylating and monofunctional methylating agents such as cis-diaminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP) and N'-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). It has been suggested that coupling to cell death does not occur in the absence of MMR, but instead, DNA lesions are by...

The human colon tumor cell line HCT116 is deficient in wild-type liMIJII. is defective in mismatch repair (MMR), exhibits microsatellite instability, and is tolerant to JV-methylWV'-nitro-JV-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Transferring a normal copy of li.MI.III on chromosome 3 into the cell line restores MMR activity, stabilizes microsatellite loci, and increases the sensitivity of the cell to MNNG. ...

Loss of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) causes genomic instability by markedly increasing the frequency of sporadic mutations in both coding and noncoding sequences. Little is known about how loss of MMR affects sensitivity to the mutagenic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. We wanted to determine how loss of MMR affects the ability of cisplatin, a known mutagen, to generate human tumor cell variants...