One of the basic principles behind conditioning is that “conditioning on a high-probability event keeps things reasonably unchanged; however, if we condition on a low-probability event, then all bets could be off”. More precisely, suppose we wish to estimate Pr[A | B]. Note, in general, that this could be less than, equal to, or greater than Pr[A]. We now prove that if Pr[B] is “high”, then Pr[...

Introduction: Different etiologies of pleural effusion are diagnosed based on serum and plural fluid characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the serum and pleural fluid protein to lactate dehyrogenase (Pr/LDH) ratio in exudative pleural effusions. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 60 patients with exudative pleural effusion including: 20 cases with para...

PURPOSE To investigate whether there is a difference in patient and tumor characteristics in cases with single receptor positive (SRP) (ER-/PR+ and ER+/PR-) breast carcinoma in comparison with the double receptor positive (DRP) (ER+/PR+) and double receptor negative (DRN) (ER-/PR-) tumors. METHODS A total of 255 breast cancer patients were categorized on the basis of their tumor hormonal rece...

High mortality in pregnant women (PR) is a characteristic of hepatitis E in developing countries. To understand the pathogenesis of HEV infection in self-limiting disease during pregnancy, we compared clinical (PR-patients) and subclinical-HEV-infections in pregnant women in the first (SC-PR-1) and later (2nd and 3rd, SC-PR-2+3) trimesters with the respective healthy controls and acute non-PR p...

The progesterone receptor (PR) mediates the actions of progesterone in the normal and malignant breast. PR is expressed as two proteins, PR B and PR A, which are expressed in normal progesterone target tissues and in breast cancers. A significant proportion of breast cancers contain, in addition, a smaller PR protein of molecular mass 78 kDa (PR78 kDa). The significance of PR78 kDa expression i...

Luminal breast cancers express estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, and respond to endocrine therapies. However, some ER+PR+ tumors display intrinsic or acquired resistance, possibly related to PR. Two PR isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, regulate distinct gene subsets that may differentially influence tumor fate. A high PR-A:PR-B ratio is associated with poor prognosis and tamoxifen resistanc...