Andrzej J. Jakubowiak,1 Kent A. Griffith,1 Donna E. Reece,2 Craig C. Hofmeister,3 Sagar Lonial,4 Todd M. Zimmerman,4 Erica L. Campagnaro,5 Robert L. Schlossman,6 Jacob P. Laubach,6 Noopur S. Raje,7 Tara Anderson,1 Melissa A. Mietzel,1 Colleen K. Harvey,1 Sandra M. Wear,8 Jennifer C. Barrickman,9 Craig L. Tendler,10 Dixie-Lee Esseltine,11 Susan L. Kelley,8 Mark S. Kaminski,1 Kenneth C. Anderson,...

Infection by endosymbiotic bacteria is an underappreciated threat to endangered arthropods with serious implications for captive management programs. We examined the nature of Wolbachia infection in the North American endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, as a case study. Screening for Wolbachia across the range of the species confirmed widespread infection in the wester...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single dose of Melissa officinalis extract which contained rosmarinic acid, including food-effects in healthy individuals. A total of eleven healthy individuals were randomly assigned to treatment arms in the two studies [Study 1 (fasted state) and Study 2 (fed state)]. Rosmarinic acid in serum was measured b...

The genetic and ecological factors that shape the evolution of animal diets remain poorly understood. For herbivorous insects, the expectation has been that trade-offs exist, such that adaptation to one host plant reduces performance on other potential hosts. We investigated the genetic architecture of alternative host use by rearing individual Lycaeides melissa butterflies from two wild popula...