BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to maternal glucocorticoids may determine fetal growth and the programing of later disorders. Availability of the glucocorticoids in the placenta is regulated by the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSDs) enzymes. To date, there are discrepancies with regard to cortisol (F) cord blood levels in fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation in different specie...

Approximately 10% of children born small for their gestational age (SGA) fail to show catch-up growth and may remain short-statured as adults. Despite treatment guidelines for children born SGA that recommend referral for growth hormone (GH) therapy evaluation and initiation by ages 2 to 4 years, the average age of GH treatment initiation is typically much later, at ages 7 to 9 years. Delayed r...

OBJECTIVE To compare the neurobehavior of small (SGA) and adequate (AGA) for gestational age full-term neonates born to adolescent mothers. METHODS This prospective cross-sectional study included full-term newborn infants aged 24-72 hours, free from central nervous system malformations and born to adolescent mothers at a single center in Brazil. Infants were assessed with the Neonatal Intensi...

OBJECTIVES To determine rate and factors associated with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births to women with HIV. METHODS Prospective data were collected from 183 pregnant women with HIV in an urban HIV prenatal clinic, 2000-2011. An SGA birth was defined as less than the 10th or 3rd percentile of birth weight distribution based upon cut points developed using national vital record data. Biv...

Seventy-five small for gestational age (SGA) children were studied in a randomized, double-blind, dose-response GH trial with either 1 or 2 mg GH/m(2).d. Mean (SD) age at the start of GH therapy was 7.3 (2.2) yr. Data were compared with Dutch reference data. In SGA boys, mean (SD) age at onset of puberty was 12.0 (1.0) and 11.6 (0.7) yr, and in SGA girls it was 10.9 (1.1) and 10.6 (1.2) yr when...

BACKGROUND We assessed the incidence of infants born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) in an Italian cohort over 20 years (1993-2013). Furthermore, we investigated maternal factors associated with SGA and LGA births. METHODS A retrospective review of obstetric records was performed on infants born in Chieti (Italy) covering every 5(th) year over a 20-year per...

Up to now, there is no single method that provides complete and unambiguous assessment of the nutritional status in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, it has been recommended the use of many nutritional markers. The subjective global assessment (SGA) contains questions regarding the clinical history and physical examination. Subsequently, other versions of the SGA were developed. The maln...

Background: There is an assumption that fetus with restricted growth with an inappropriate intrauterine environment lies under stress. Although small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants have higher mortality, difference in the outcome of SGA and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants regarding respiratory morbidity is controversial. It seems that respiratory morbidities in SGA neonates is ...

Target extraction can provide a prior knowledge for spectral unmixing, unsupervised hyperspectral image classification, and target detection tasks, which is of great practice. Considering that the traditional endmember algorithms such as automatic generation process (ATGP) simplex growing algorithm (SGA) are sensitive to burst noise caused by sensor imaging cannot extract appropriate set simult...

OBJECTIVES Placental growth hormone (PGH) is a pregnancy-specific protein produced by syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous cytotrophoblast. No other cells have been reported to synthesize PGH Maternal. PGH Serum concentration increases with advancing gestational age, while quickly decreasing after delivery of the placenta. The biological properties of PGH include somatogenic, lactogenic, and li...