add.isolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 addisolates-deprecated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 bbnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 bbnam.bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 betweenness ....

add.isolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 bbnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 bbnam.bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 betweenness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 blockmodel ....

Social network analysis (SNA) is a framework used to study the structure of societies. As an umbrella term that encompasses various tools of graph theory and mathematical models to visualize networks, SNA allows researchers to detect and quantify patterns in social networks. Within SNA, individuals are not independent, but are symbiotic or linked with one another in a network. Given its powerfu...

The members of the Snail family of zinc-finger transcription factors have been implicated in the formation of distinct tissues within the developing vertebrate and invertebrate embryo. Two members of this family have been described in higher vertebrates, Snail (Sna) and Slug (Slu), where they have been implicated in the formation of tissues such as the mesoderm and the neural crest. We have iso...

Much evidence indicates increased sympathetic nervous activity (SNA) in renal disease. Renal ischemia is probably a primary event leading to increased SNA. Increased SNA often occurs in association with hypertension. However, the deleterious effect of increased SNA on the diseased kidney is not only caused by hypertension. Another characteristic of renal disease is unbalanced nitric oxide (NO) ...

GABAergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) are driven by baroreceptor inputs relayed via the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and they inhibit neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla to reduce SNA and AP. After arterial baroreceptor denervation or lesions of the NTS, inhibition of the CVLM continues to increase AP, suggesting additional inputs also tonically activate the CVL...

Hyperinsulinemia increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and has been linked to cardiovascular morbidity in obesity. The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays a key role in the regulation of SNA and arterial blood pressure (ABP). Many sympathoexcitatory responses are mediated by glutamatergic receptor activation within the RVLM, and both the central renin-angiotensin and melanocortin sy...

Sympathetic vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels has been proposed to be a protective mechanism for the brain, limiting cerebral perfusion and microcirculatory pressure during transient increases in arterial pressure. To furnish direct neural evidence for this proposition, we aimed to develop a method for recording cerebral sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) from the superior cervical ganglion (S...

Splenic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) modulates cellular immune functions such as splenic natural killer cell activity. Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 enhances splenic natural killer cell activity. Here, we examined whether S-PT84 affects splenic natural killer activity through splenic SNA in BALB/c mice. Splenic SNA was significantly decreased following the administration of S-PT84. T...

The arterial baroreflex pathway provides the fundamental basis for the short-term control of blood pressure via the rapid regulation of the mean level of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in response to changes in blood pressure. A central tenet in the generation and regulation of bursts of SNA is that input from the arterial baroreceptors also regulates the timing of the bursts of sympathetic a...