احمد ماکوئی

[ 1 ] - یک مدل چند هدفه استوار برای طراحی زنجیره تأمین با درنظرگیری جریان رو به جلو وعقب و مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی

در این مقاله مدلی چند هدفه ارائه شده است که در آن همزمان جریان رو به جلو و عقب در زنجیره تأمین در نظر گرفته شده و اهداف شامل هزینه و تأثیرات محیطی مانند میزان کربن دی اکسید و میزان مصرف آب و همچنین تأثیرات اجتماعی مانند میزان مشاغل ایجاد شده و عدالت در ایجاد مشاغل در نقاط مختلف می‌باشد. به علاوه در این تحقیق میزان تقاضا به صورت غیر قطعی بوده و با استفاده از روش برنامه‌ریزی استوار این عدم قطعیت ...

[ 2 ] - مدل بهینه سازی استوار برای برنامه ریزی تولید ادغامی چند کارخانه ای محصولات فاسد شدنی تحت شرایط عدم قطعیت با در نظر گرفتن سیاست تعویق

در این پژوهش، برنامه ریزی تولید ادغامی چند کارخانه ای برای تولید محصولات فاسد شدنی مانند هدیه هایسال نو، تقویم ها و سررسید ها با استفاده از سیاست تعویق در شرایط عدم قطعیت، تعیین می شود. فرایند تولیداین محصولات با اعمال مفهوم تعویق، به دو مرحله ی تولید محصول نهایی و نیمه ساخته تقسیم می گردد.بنابراین سه فعالیت تولیدی شامل تولید مستقیم، تولید محصول نیمه ساخته و مونتاژ نهایی وجود دارد. همچنین،یک مد...

[ 3 ] - ارائۀ یک مدل بهینه‌سازی استوار به‌منظور برنامه‌ریزی تولید ادغامی با درنظرگرفتن سیاست تعویق

قیمت محصولات فاسدشدنی پس از دوره‌ای مشخص برای مثال یک فصل، به‌طور مؤثر کاهش می‌یابد؛ بنابراین، تولید اضافی یا کمبود این محصولات به‌ترتیب همراه با زیان یا ازدست‌دادن سود است. این پژوهش برنامه‌ریزی تولید ادغامی بهینه را برای تولید محصولات فاسدشدنی مانند پوشاک فصلی، هدیه‌های سال نو، تقویم‌ها و سررسیدها با استفاده از سیاست تعویق در شرایط عدم قطعیت تعیین می‌کند. پیشنهاد شده است فرایند تولید این محصو...

[ 4 ] - اثر پدیده ضربه شلاق در یک بازار متلاطم

پدیده ضربه شلاق نقش بسیار مهمی را در مدیریت زنجیره تامین بر عهده دارد. این نقش بخصوص در بازارهای بسیار متلاطم که قیمت ها به دلایل غیر منتظره همچون پدیده گرمایش زمین دچار تغییر می گردند مهمتر می باشد. به صورت سنتی انتظار می رود که با افزایش در قیمت ها شاهد کاهش قابل توجه در تقاضای بازار باشیم. با اینحال تحولات اخیر در اقتصاد جهانی نشان داده اند که افزایش ناگهانی قیمت در یک بازه کوتاه زمانی می تو...

[ 5 ] - متدولوژی برای تخصیص مقادیر ذخیره‌ی احتیاطی در یک زنجیره‌ی تأمین، با استفاده از الگوریتم شبیه سازی تبرید

در این مقاله، ما متدولوژی برای تخصیص مقادیر ذخیره‌ی احتیاطی معرفی می‌نماییم. مسأله‌ی مورد نظر، دارای دو هدف کمینه نمودن بهترین زمان دسترسی و هزینه‌ی موجودی است. با توجه به ماهیت NP-Hard مسأله فوق، از الگوریتم شبیه‌سازی تبرید برای حل متدولوژی پیشنهادی در مسائل با ابعاد بزرگ استفاده شده است. جهت بررسی صحت عملکرد و کارآیی، متدولوژی از طریق حل مثال عددی به اثبات رسیده است. نتایج به-دست آمده، دلالت ...

[ 6 ] - Dynamic Competitive Supply Chain Network Design with Price Dependent Demand and Huff Utility Function

This paper develops a two-stage model to consider a franchise/franchisee environment in which supply chains are simultaneously entering the untapped market to produce either identical or highly substitutable products and give franchise to franchisees. Customer demand is elastic, price dependent and customer utility function is based on Huff gravity rule model. The supply chains, in the first st...

[ 7 ] - Simultaneous Decentralized Competitive Supply Chain Network Design under Oligopoly Competition

This paper discusses a problem in which  decentralized supply chains enter the market simultaneously with no existing rival chains, shape the supply chains’ networks, and set wholesale and retail prices in a noncooperative manner. All the chains produce either identical or highly substitutable products. Customer demand is elastic and price-dependent. A three-step algorithm is proposed to solve ...

[ 8 ] - Centralized Supply Chain Network Ddesign: Monopoly, Duopoly, and Ooligopoly Competitions under Uncertainty

This paper presents a competitive supply chain network design problem in which one, two, or three supply chains are planning to enter the price-dependent markets simultaneously in uncertain environments and decide to set the prices and shape their networks. The chains produce competitive products either identical or highly substitutable. Fuzzy multi-level mixed integer programming is used to mo...

[ 9 ] - A hybrid intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making approach for supplier selection

Due to the increasing competition of globalization, selection of the most appropriate supplier is one of the key factors for asupply chain management’s success. Due to conflicting evaluations and insufficient information about the criteria, Intuitionisticfuzzy sets (IFSs) considered as animpressive tool and utilized to specify the relative importance of the criteria. The aim of this paper is to...

[ 10 ] - VMI-type Supply Chains: a Brief Review

The primary purpose of this paper is to highlight for the research community and practitioners the various aspects of using VMI-type supply chains in today’s business environment as well as a number of directions for future studies. In this regard, fifty articles published in major international journals, beginning in 1995, which contribute to the VMI-type supply chains are reviewed via a syste...

[ 11 ] - Practical common weights scalarizing function approach for efficiency analysis

A characteristic of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is to allow individual decision making units (DMUs) to select the factor weights which are the most advantageous for them in calculating their efficiency scores. This flexibility in selecting the weights, on the other hand, deters the comparison among DMUs on a common base. For dealing with this difficulty and assessing all the DMUs on the sam...

[ 12 ] - استراتژی کارای بازی‌های همکارانه در سامانه‌های غیرمتمرکز به کمک آنالیز قابلیت اطمینان: مطالعه موردی در شبکه توزیع آب

با توجه به پیشرفت روزافزون فنّاوری و بروز محیط‌های شدید رقابتی، مهم‌ترین هدف شبکه‌های توزیع غیرمتمرکز که توسط تأمین‌کنندگان مختلف اداره می‌شود، بیشینه نمودن سود خود و افزایش قابلیت اطمینان شبکه است. یکی از ابزارهای کلیدی برای ارتقاء کارایی در فضای رقابتی، بهره‌گیری از تئوری بازی‌ و بازی همکارانه در شبکه‌های توزیع و حمل‌ونقل است؛ بنابراین هدف اصلی تحقیق، تعیین استراتژی‌های بهینه بازی‌های همکارانه...

[ 13 ] - An Inventory Routing Problem for Perishable Products with Stochastic Demands and Direct Deliveries

In any supply chain, distribution planning of products is of great importance to managers. With effective and flexible distribution planning, mangers can increase the efficiency of time, place, and delivery utility of whole supply chain. In this paper, inventory routing problem (IRP) is applied to distribution planning of perishable products in a supply chain. The studied supply chain is compos...

[ 14 ] - طراحی مدلی پایدار در مسائل مکان‌یابی هاب سلسله‌‌مراتبی در شبکه حمل‌ونقل چندوجهی با در نظر گرفتن اثر اختلال (عامدانه و غیرعامدانه)

در یک شبکه حمل‌ونقل عمومی (هوایی–زمینی)، هدف اصلی انتقال مسافر از مبدأ به مقصد و توجه به اهمیت خدمت‌‌رسانی است. در نظر گرفتن انواع مختلف وسیله حمل‌ونقل و به دنبال آن افزایش خدمت‌‌رسانی (تنوع خدمات)، یکی از مسائل مهم و اساسی در سیستم‌‌های مکان‌‌یابی هاب سلسله‌‌مراتبی است. همچنین بررسی اثر اختلال (عامدانه و غیرعامدانه)، تغییرات دامنه ارتباطات در شبکه توزیع، مکان‌‌یابی‌‌ها و تخصیص‌‌های مجدد و طراح...

[ 15 ] - An Approach for Accident Forecasting Using Fuzzy Logic Rules: A Case Mining of Lift Truck Accident Forecasting in One of the Iranian Car Manufacturers

Fuzzy Logic is one of the concepts that has created different scientific attitudes by entering into various professional fields nowadays and in some cases has made remarkable effects on the results of the practical researches. However, the existence of stochastic and uncertain situations in risk and accident field, affects the possibility of the forecasting and preventing the occurrence of the ...

[ 16 ] - A Fuzzy Compromise Programming Solution for Supplier Selection in Quantity Discounts Situation

    Supplier selection,   Multi-objective decision making,   Fuzzy Compromise programming,   Supply chain management,   Quantity discount .   Supplier selection is naturally a complex multi-objective problem including both quantitative and qualitative factors. This paper deals with this issue from a new view point. A quantity discount situation, which plays a role of motivator for buyer, is con...

[ 17 ] - Interval Weighted Comparison Matrices – A Review

Nowadays, interval comparison matrices (ICM) take an important role in decision making under uncertainty. So it seems that a brief review on solution methods used in ICM should be useful. In this paper, the common methods are divided into four categories that are Goal Programming Method (GPM), Linear Programming Method (LPM), Non-Linear Programming Method (NLPM) and Statistic Analysis (SA). GPM...

[ 18 ] - راهبرد بهینه بازی های همکارانه در شبکه های غیر متمرکز (مطالعه موردی در صنایع کوچک و متوسط)

با توجه به پیشرفت سریع فن‌آوری و ظهور محیط‌های شدیداً رقابتی، مهم‌ترین هدف شبکه‌های توزیع غیر‌متمرکز که توسط تامین‌کنندگان مختلف اداره می‌شود، بیشینه نمودن سود خود و شبکه است. یکی از ابزارهای کلیدی برای ارتقای کارایی در فضای رقابتی، بهره‌‎گیری از تئوری بازی‌ و بازی همکارانه در شبکه‌های توزیع و حمل و نقل است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی نقش صنایع کوچک و متوسط در توسعه فعالیت‌های اقتصادی کشور و دست‌...

[ 19 ] - Multi-objective Modeling Based on Competition Airlines Cooperation by Game Theory and Sustainable Development Approach

In each time period, the demand of passengers for each route are finite and airlines compete for earning more profits. The complex competition among airlines causes problems, such as complicating flight planning and increasing empty seats for some routes. These problems increase air pollution and fuel consumption. To solve these problems, this research studies the cooperation of the airlines wi...

[ 20 ] - Fuzzy analytical network process logic for performance measurement system of e-learning centers of universities

This paper proposes an efficient performance measurement system to evaluate the excellence of e-learning centers of universities. The proposed system uses the analytic network process (ANP) as an effective multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method and its fuzzy mode to respond to uncertainties in judgements. This system also needs a targeted and systematic criteria set which is collected thr...

[ 21 ] - An integrated model for designing a distribution network of products under facility and transportation link disruptions

Due to occurrence of unexpected disruptions,a resilient supply chain design is important. In this paper, a bi-objective model is proposed for designing a resilient supply chain including suppliers, distribution centers (DCs), and retailers under disruption risks.The first objective function minimizes total costs. The second objective function maximizes satisfied demands. We use the augmented e-...

[ 22 ] - A decentralized multi-level leader-follower game for network design of a competitive supply chain

This paper develops a decentralized leader-follower game for network design of a competitive supply chain problem in which a new chain as the leader enters a market with one existing supply chain as a follower. Both chains produce an identical product, customer demand is inelastic and customer utility function is based on Huff gravity-based model. The leader wants to shape his network and set a...

[ 23 ] - Optimal production and marketing planning with geometric programming approach

One of the primary assumptions in most optimal pricing methods is that the production cost is a non-increasing function of lot-size. This assumption does not hold for many real-world applications since the cost of unit production may have non-increasing trend up to a certain level and then it starts to increase for many reasons such as an increase in wages, depreciation, etc. Moreover, the prod...

[ 24 ] - Interval-Valued Hesitant Fuzzy Method based on Group Decision Analysis for Estimating Weights of Decision Makers

In this paper, a new soft computing group decision method based on the concept of compromise ratio is introduced for determining decision makers (DMs)' weights through the group decision process under uncertainty. In this method, preferences and judgments of the DMs or experts are expressed by linguistic terms for rating the industrial alternatives among selected criteria as well as the relativ...

[ 25 ] - Hierarchical Facility Location and Hub Network Problems: A literature review

In this paper, a complete review of published researches about hierarchical facility location and hub network problems is presented. Hierarchical network is a system where facilities with different service levels interact in a top-down way or vice versa. In Hierarchical systems, service levels are composed of different facilities. Published papers from (1970) to (2015) have been studied and a c...

[ 26 ] - Benders Decomposition Algorithm for Competitive Supply Chain Network Design under Risk of Disruption and Uncertainty

In this paper, bi-level programming is proposed for designing a competitive supply chain network. A two-stage stochastic programming approach has been developed for a multi-product supply chain comprising a capacitated supplier, several distribution centers, retailers and some resellers in the market. The proposed model considers demand’s uncertainty and disruption in distribution centers and t...

[ 27 ] - Supplier selection with multi-criteria group decision making based on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (case study on a project-based company)

Supplier selection can be considered as a complicated multi criteria decision-making problem.In this paper the problem of supplier selection is studied in the presence of conflicting evaluations and insufficient information about the criteria and different attitudes of decision makers towards the risk. Most of fuzzy approaches used in multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) are non-intuiti...

[ 28 ] - Multi-objective robust optimization model for social responsible closed-loop supply chain solved by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm

In this study a supply chain network design model has been developed considering both forward and reverse flows through the supply chain. Total Cost, environmental factors such as CO2 emission, and social factors such as employment and fairness in providing job opportunities are considered in three separate objective functions. The model seeks to optimize the facility location proble...

[ 29 ] - A new mathematical model for intensity matrix decomposition using multileaf collimator

Cancer is one of the major causes of death all over the globe and radiotherapy is considered one of its most effective treatment methods. Designing a radiotherapy treatment plan was done entirely manually in the past. RecentlyIntensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) was introduced as a new technology with advanced medical equipmentin the recent years. IMRT provides the opportunity to delive...

[ 30 ] - A model of brand competition for durable goods supply chains in a dynamic framework

Game theory is an efficient tool to represent and conceptualize the problems concerning conflict and competition. In recent years and especially for durable products, competition between domestic and foreign brands for gaining market share has received a considerable attention. This paper study electronic commerce concepts by differential game theory and introduce a novel and comprehensive mode...

[ 31 ] - Introducing a mathematical model in supply chain with adding trust flow

These day, supply chains (SCs) have become more and more complicated and have extensively expanded and due to these complexities, the supply chain management (SCM) has encountered several uncertainties, and, as a result, trust and assurance between members in SCs has become essential for a successful SCM. Although trust is an inevitable component in nearly all fields in SCs, like cooperation, c...

[ 32 ] - ارائه مدلی مفهومی برای انتخاب پرتفوی بهینۀ پروژه‌ها با رویکرد ترکیبی کارایی-ریسک مبتنی‌بر روش ژنتیک چندهدفه با مرتب‌سازی نامغلوب ((NSGAΙΙ

از مهم‌ترین موضوعات برای موفقیت سازمان‌ها، مسئلۀ انتخاب مناسب پرتفوی پروژه‌ها است. در پژوهش‌های قبلی انتخاب سبد پروژه‌ها با تمرکز روی میزان کارایی پروژه‌ها انجام و کمتر به نقش ریسک توجه شده است؛ بنابراین در این مقاله مدلی چندهدفه برای انتخاب پرتفوی بهینۀ پروژه‌ها با رویکرد ترکیبی کارایی- ریسک و با استفاده از تکنیک‌های DEA، RPN، MOMP و NSGAII ارائه شده است که در آن نه‌تنها پارامتر ریسک شاخص اصلی...

[ 33 ] - Location of compressed natural gas stations using multi-objective flow refueling location model in the two-way highways: A case study in Iran

Increasing the use of fossil fuels is with severe environmental and economic problems, bringing more attention to alternative fuels. The compressed natural gas (CNG), as an alternative fuel, offers many more benefits than gasoline or diesel fuel such as cost-effectiveness, lower pollution, better performance, and lower maintenance costs. Gas stations location and the number of gas stations are ...

[ 34 ] - مسیریابی وسایل نقلیه برای توزیع کالاهای فسادپذیر با برنامه‌ریزی تخصیص نیروی انسانی در مسیرها

[ 35 ] - توسعه مدل ریاضی برنامه‌ریزی حمل و نقل در معادن روباز با هدف بهبود بهره‌وری

Haulage in open-pit mines allocates half of operational costs. Improvement in this system has significant effects in decrease of costs and increase of efficiency. Productivity in mines is a mixture of machinery efficiency and implementation of production strategies. In this paper after classifying dispatching models in open-pit mines, a new mathematical model will be introduced, to execute at t...

[ 36 ] - برنامه ریزی چند هدفه تامین توام برای کالاهای فسادپذیر با چند خریدار

This paper is a research on the ordering planning of a supply chain with one supplier, multi buyer and multi deteriorating items. Items have fixed life time and expire dates. The ordering period is taken as variable and must be computed the proposed models. The problem is studied via two different approaches the first is the joint replenishment, based on the Hwang and Chew's model [3] and with ...

[ 37 ] - کاربرد شبیه سازی تبرید در بهینه سازی یک مدل کنترل موجودی چند محصولی همراه با محدودیت فضا و بازپرسازی تصادفی

In this paper a multi-period inventory control problem will be analyzed. Periodic replenishment will happen totally stochastic and also the periods between two replenishments are independent and identically distributed random variables .indeed producer is encountered with customer in stochastic time.  Also the decision variable has been chosen as an integer. In first model shortage will be back...

[ 38 ] - EQUILIBRIUM FOR PROCUREMENT STRATEGY BETWEEN TRIAD COMPETITIVE SUPPLY CHAINS

In today complex worldwide supply chains, intermediary organizations like Contract manufacturers and GPOs are mostly used. Well-known OEMs delegate their purchasing and procuring to these intermediaries. Because of their positive influence on supply chain efficiency, it is very important to investigate the role of intermediaries in today competitive supply chains. One important question arising...

[ 39 ] - ارائه چارچوبی برای تحلیل همکاری شرکت های هواپیمایی با رویکرد نظریه بازی

در این مقاله، چارچوبی برای تحلیل همکاری شرکت‌های هواپیمایی[1] رقیب پیشنهاد می‌شود. به دلیل افزایش تعداد مسافران، تعداد شرکت‌های هواپیمایی و منابع محدود آن‌ها و همچنین وجود تقاضای محدود در هر بازه زمانی و مسیر پروازی، بین شرکت‌های هواپیمایی رقابت وجود دارد. در این تحقیق با استفاده از نظریه بازی‌ها به شرکت‌های هواپیمایی کمک می‌شود تا در خصوص همکاری یا عدم همکاری با رقبا به‌منظور کسب منافع بیشتر ت...

[ 40 ] - Reliability Optimization for Complicated Systems with a Choice of Redundancy Strategies (TECHNICAL NOTE)

Redundancy allocation is one of the common techniques to increase the reliability of the bridge systems. Many studies on the general redundancy allocation problems assume that the redundancy strategy for each subsystem is predetermined and fixed. In general, active redundancy has received more attention in the past. However, in real world, a particular system design contains both active and col...

[ 41 ] - A Novel Continuous KNN Prediction Algorithm to Improve Manufacturing Policies in a VMI Supply Chain

This paper examines and compares various manufacturing policies which manufacturer may adopt so as to improve the performance of a vendor managed inventory (VMI) partnership. The goal is to maximize the combined cumulative profit of supply chain while minimizing relevant inventory management costs. The supply chain is a two-level system with a single manufacturer and single retailer at each lev...

[ 42 ] - MODELING RISK OF LOSING A CUSTOMER IN A TWO-ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN FACING AN INTEGRATED COMPETITOR: A GAME THEORY APPROACH

In a competitive market, customer decision is made to maximize his utility. It can be assumed that risk of losing a supply chain’s customer can be defined based on products utility from customer point of view. This paper takes account of product price and service level as competition criteria. The proposed model is based on non-cooperative game theory, for one-manufacturer and one-retailer supp...

[ 43 ] - Solving a new bi-objective model for a cell formation problem considering labor allocation by multi-objective particle swarm optimization

Mathematical programming and artificial intelligence (AI) methods are known as the most effective and applicable procedures to form manufacturing cells in designing a cellular manufacturing system (CMS). In this paper, a bi-objective programming model is presented to consider the cell formation problem that is solved by a proposed multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). The model c...

[ 44 ] - Impact of Transportation System on Total Cost in a Two-Echelon Dual Channel Supply Chain

The advent of e-commerce has prompted many manufacturers to redesign their traditionalchannel structure by engaging in direct sales. In this paper, we present a dual channel inventory modelbased on queuing theory in a manufacturer-retailer supply chain, consisting of a traditional retailchannel and a direct channel which stocks are kept in both upper and lower echelon. The systemreceives stocha...

[ 45 ] - Developing a fuzzy group decision making approach for project manager selection considering the static complexity of construction projects

Due to the particular importance of projects in human life and in organizations, proper project management has been always regarded highly by researchers and practitioners. Recent advances in technology and fundamental changes in most scientific areas have affected projects and made their nature and environmental circumstances much more complex than in the past. Fortunately, in recent years, ma...

[ 46 ] - انتخاب همزمان تکنولوژی و روش انتقال بهینه آن از ارجح‌ترین تامین‌کننده با استفاده از روش‌ تصمیم گیری ترکیبی بهترین-بدترین و تحلیل شبکه ای خاکستری

یکی از تصمیمات مهم در زنجیره تامین انتخاب تامین کننده است که بر بخشها و اهداف مختلف یک زنجیره اثرات مهمی بر‌جای میگذارد. ازآنجاکه در حوزه انتخاب تامینکننده سه شاخص: انتخاب محصول/تکنولوژی، انتخاب روش انتقال محصول/ تکنولوژی و انتخاب تامین کننده محصول/تکنولوژی، قابل بحث و بررسی می‌باشند؛ در این مقاله، عوامل تاثیرگذار بر این سه شاخص شناسایی و اهمیت معیارها با استفاده از روش دیمتل خاکستری و روش بهتر...

[ 47 ] - A Robust Knapsack Based Constrained Portfolio Optimization

Many portfolio optimization problems deal with allocation of assets which carry a relatively high market price. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the integer value of assets when we deal with portfolio optimization. In addition, one of the main concerns with most portfolio optimization is associated with the type of constraints considered in different models. In many cases, the resulted p...

[ 48 ] - ارائه یک الگوریتم برای انتخاب منطبق‌ترین محصولات کشاورزی بر حسب شرایط اقلیمی (مطالعه موردی: دشت سومار استان کرمانشاه)

با توجه به نقش اساسی بخش کشاورزی در تامین امنیت غذایی، افزایش روزافزون تغییرات آب و هوایی به­دلیل تغییر اقلیم جهانی و وابستگی میزان عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی به شرایط اقلیمی، بررسی رابطه بلندمدت شرایط اقلیمی و عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی در راستای ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‌ﺳﺎزی ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت زراﻋﯽ ﺑﺎ روﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اقلیمی، ضروری به­نظر می‌رسد. در این تحقیق، برای رتبه‌بندی منطبق‌ترین محصولات کشاورزی با شرایط اقلیمی دشت سومار در اس...

[ 49 ] - Prostate segmentation and lesions classification in CT images using Mask R-CNN

Purpose: Non-cancerous prostate lesions such as prostate calcification, prostate enlargement, and prostate inflammation cause too many problems for men’s health. This research proposes a novel approach, a combination of image processing techniques and deep learning methods for classification and segmentation of the prostate in CT-scan images by considering the experienced physicians’ reports. ...