A review of biomarkers in the diagnosis of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is among the ten most common cancers and the ten main causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Currently, bladder tumors are diagnosed and followed up using a combination of cystoscopy and cytology. In addition, bladder cancer often recurs and can progress if not closely monitored after initial treatment. Constant monitoring of the patient with cystoscopy, which is an invasive procedure, has made bladder cancer a costly disease. While cancer biomarkers provide an opportunity for earlier and more accurate diagnosis of tumors. The present study aims to investigate measurable biomarkers in bladder cancer patients, which help in the timely diagnosis of the disease with high sensitivity and specificity. Based on available studies, among the diagnostic biomarkers of bladder cancer, BTA, ImmunoCyt, NMP22, and Urovision have been approved by the FDA and can be used for early diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of bladder cancer patients. Some of these biomarkers are also measured in Iran.