طبقه بندی، همه ‌گیر شناسی و هم ابتلایی اختلالات اعتیاد 1

Revised only twice in the 28 – year period from 1952 to 1980, the American Psychiatric Association`s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has been amended two more times in half as many years, with the publication of DSM – III – R in 1987 and of DSM – IV in 1994. The DSM counterpart in use outside of North America, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), also underwent modification during this time period. Requirements for the addictive disorders, or as termed here, psychoactive dependence or abuse disorders, were not immune to change for good reason and to a good end. Unlike other psychiatric disorders, for which ICD and DSM criteria often were the same, a schism existed between the DSM and ICD criteria for addictive disorders.ICD criteria were shaped by an influential article that introduced the construct of a dependence syndrome, but this conceptualization was not operationalized in the DSM system until the publication of DSM – IV. With this latest revision, criteria for substance dependence now closely matches those in the ICD – 10 system, establishing for the first time what may be considered a worldwide classification system for addictive disorders .