Beneficial Effects of Inactive and Non-Viable Probiotics on Health

Authors

  • Zendeboodi, Fatemeh PhD in Food Science and Technology, Student Research Committee, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Mohammadi, Reza Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • Ejtahed, Hanieh-Sadat Assistant Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Gholian, Mohammad Mahdi PhD Student in Food Science and Technology, Department of grape processing, Research Institute for Grapes and Raisin, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
  • Khorshidian, Nasim Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, Aradan School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  • Mortazavian, Amir Mohammad Professor, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Sohrabvandi, Sara Associate Professor, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:

 According to the World Health Organization, viable probiotics could have health effects. However, in recent years, many benefits have been observed through application of inactive and non-viable cells of microbes or their metabolites. Therefore, probiotics could be defined as viable, inactive, or non-viable microbial cells or cell extracts that have beneficial health effects on the host. Based on the proposed terminology, probiotics are divided into three categories: real probiotics, pseudo-probiotics, and ghost probiotics. This article reviewed the beneficial effects and underlying mechanisms of inactive and non-viable microbial cells on the host. Also in this article, new proposed terms are described based on the nature of the cell or active ingredient so that it could cover all aspects of the microbial cell (viable, non-viable, inactive, and cell extract).

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Journal title

volume 31  issue 193

pages  125- 139

publication date 2021-01

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