Stress-gradient Coupling in Glacier Flow: Iv. Effects of The
نویسنده
چکیده
:he "T term• in the longitudinal stressequilibrium equation for glacier mechanics, a double y-integral of fJT xylfJx where x is a longitudinal coordinate and y is roughfy normal to the ice surface, can be evaluated within the framework of longitudinal flow-coupling theory by linking the local shear stress T at any depth to the local shear stres~ T 8 at the base, whi~h is determmed by the theory. Thts approach leads to a modified longitudinal flow-coupling equation, in which the modifications deriving from the T term are as follows: 1. The longitudinal coupling length I is increased by about 5%. 2. The asymmetry parameter o is altered by a variable but small amount depending on longitudinal gradients in ice thickness h and surface slope CL 3. There is a significant direct modification of the influence of local h and a on flow, which represents a distinct "driving force• in glacier mechanics, whose origin is in pressure gradients linked to st~ess ~radients o~ the ty~e ar_xyl fJx . For longitudinal variations m h, the T force vanes as d2h/ dx2 and results in an in-phase enhancement of the flow response to the variations in h, describable (for sinusoidal variations) by a wavelength-dependent enhancement factor. For longitudinal variations in a, the "force" varies as da/ dx and gives a phase-shifted flow response. Although the "T force" is not negligible, its actual effect on T 8 and on ice flow proves to be small, because it is attenuated by longitudinal stress coupling. The greatest effect is at shortest wavelengths (~ :s;2.5h), where the flow response to variations in h does not tend to zero as it would otherwise do because of longitudinal coupling, but instead, because of the effect of the "T force", tends to a response about 4% of what would occur in the absence of longitudinal coupling. If an effect of this small size can be considered negligible, then the influence of the T term can be disregarded. It is then unnecessary to distinguish in glacier mechanics between two len~th scales for longitudinal averaging of T 8 , one over whtch the T term is negligible and one over which it is not. Longitudinal flow-coupling theory also provides a basis for evaluating the additional datum-state effects of the T term on the flow perturbations 6u that result from perturbations M and l!.a from a datum state with longitudinal stress gradients. Although there are many small effects at the -1% level, none of them seems to stand out significantly, and at the 10% level all can be neglected. The foregoing conclusions apply for long wavelengths >. ;;:: h. For short wavelengths (>. s h), effects of the T term become important in longitudinal coupling, as will be shown in a later paper in this series. RESUME. Coup/age du gradient de comramte dans l'ecoulement des glaciers: IV. Effets du terme "T". Dans •contribution No. 4 I 17, Division of Planetary Sciences, California Institute Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. Geological and of Technolog}, TPresent address: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, U.S.A. 342 !'equation qui, en mecanique des glaciers, decrit l'equilibre des contraintes dans le sens longitudinal (integrale double de a2r x/ax oil X: est_ Ia coordonnee dans le sens longitudinal, et y est approxtmattvement selon Ia normale a Ia surface de Ia glace) le terme T peut etre evalue, dans le cadre de Ia theorie du couplage longitudinal des ecoulements en reliant Ia c~ntrainte ~e . cisaillement locale T xy _a une profondeur don nee, a Ia CISStOn a Ia base T 8 , determtnee par Ia theorie. Cete approche conduit a une equation du couplage longitudinal modifiee. Les modifications provenant du terme T soot les suivantes: (I) Ia longueur de couplage longitudinal I est accrue de 5% environ; (2) le parametre d'asymetrie a subit un faible changement qui depend des gradients longitudinaux de l'epaisseur de glace h et de Ia pente de surface a; (3) il y a une modification significative de !'influence des valeurs locales de h et a sur l'ecoulement qui represente une force morrice distincte dans Ia mecanique du glacier due aux gradients de pression lies aux gradients de contraintes en ar xyfax. Concernant les vanations longitudinales de h, Ia "force T" varie comme ct2h/ dx2 et produit une amplification en phase de Ia reponse de l'ecoulement aux vanattons d'epaisseur: dans le cas de variations sinusoidales cette amplification peut ~tre decrite par un gain fonction de Ia longueur d'onde. Quant aux variations longitudinales de a, Ia "force T" varie comme da/ dx et conclut d'un dephasage des vanauons de l'ecoulement. Bien que Ia "force T" ne soit pas negligeable, son effet reel sur T 8 et sur l'ecoulement demeure faible, car celui-ci est attenue par le couplage des contraintes longitudinales. L'effet le plus important a lieu pour les longueurs d'onde les plus courtes ( >. ::> 2,5h): la reponse de l'ecoulement aux variations de h ne tend pas vers zero (ce qui serait Ia consequence du couplage longitudinal} mais, consequence de Ia "force T", represente environ 4% de Ia reponse qui aurait lieu en !'absence de tout couplage longitudinal. Si l'effet de ces faibles longueurs d'ondes peut @tre neglige, alors !'influence du terme T peut @rre omise. Dans ce cas, en vue du calcul du frottement moyen dans le sens longitudinal, il est inutile de distinguer entre une echelle a laquelle le terme T est negligeable, et une a laquelle il ne !'est pas. La theorie du couplage longitudinal de l'ecoulement fournit une base pour !'evaluation des effets additionnels du terme T sur Ia perturbation de l'ecoulement 6u causee par des perturbations M et t!.a a partir d'un etat de reference comportant des gradients de contrainte longitudinaux. Bien qu'il y a it de nombreux effets de l'ordre du I%, aucun ne semble emerger de fa~on significative, et tous peuvent @tre negliges a un niveau de precision de l'ordre de 10%. Les conclusions ci-dessus soot valables aux longueurs d'onde >. ~ h. Pour les tres courtes longueurs d'onde (>. $ h), les effets du terme T deviennent importants en couplage longitudinal, ceci sera expose dans un futur article du journal. ZUSA.-..a.iENFASSUNG. Kopp/ung von Spannungsgradienten rm Gletscherfluss: TV. AuswrrJ.ungen des "T-Terms·. Der "T-Term" in der Gleichung des longitudalinen Spannungsgleichgewichts fiir die Gletschermechanik ein y-Doppelintegral von 82T xylfJx , worin x eine Koordinate in Ulngsrichtung und y eine der x-Achse senknechte, ungef11hr anfw11rts gerichtete Koordinate ist kann in Rahmen der Theorie der longitudinalen Fluss-Kopplung durch Verbindung der lokalen Scherspannung T xy in jeder Tiefe mit der lokalen Scherspannung T 8 am Untergrund, die aus der Theorie hervorgeht, ausgewertet werden. Dieses Vorgehen fuhrt zu einer modifizierten Gleichung der longitudinalen Fluss-Kopplung, in der die durch den T-Term verursachten Anderungen die folgenden sind: I. Die longitudinale Kopplungsl11nge J wird etwa 5% grOsser. 2. Der Asymmetrie-Parameter o wird durch einen variablen, aber kleinen Betrag verandert, der von den Ulngsgradienten der Eisdicke h und der Oberfllichenneigung a abhangt. 3. Es besteht eine wesentliche direkte Anderung des Einflusses der lokalen GrOssen h und a auf den Fluss, die eine deutliche "Triebkraft" in der Gletschermechanik darstellt; sie stammt von Druckgradienten in Verbindung mit Spannungsgradienten des Typs CT" xy!Bx. Fur longitudinale Schwankungen in h 11ndert sich die "T-Kraft" mit dh/ dx und (jefert eine phasengleiche Verst11rkung der Flussreaktionen auf die Schwankungen von h, beschreibbar (bei sinusfOrmigen Schwankungen) durch einen von der WellenH!nge abhl!ngigen Verst11rkungsfaktor. Fur longitudinale Schwankungen in a 11ndert sich die Kraft mit da/ dx und ergibt eine phasenversetzte Flussreaktion. Obwohl die "T -Kraft" nicht vernach111ssigbar ist, erweist sich ihr tats11chlicher Einfluss auf T 8 und den Eisfluss als gering, weil sie durch longitudinale
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