Signaling events induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor 2.

Lipopolysaccharide Induced Activation of Toll Like Receptor 4 in Isolated Rat Heart Suggests a Local Immune Response in Myocardium

Background: Myocardial dysfunction is one of the major complications in patients with sepsis where there is a relationship between the blood level of cytokines and the onset of myocardial depression. In many cases of sepsis, the presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been established. LPS Binding Protein (LBP) bound endotoxin is recognized by CD14/toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) complexes in inna...

Cellular events mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated toll-like receptor 4. MD-2 is required for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Elk-1.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates multiple signaling events, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK, JNK, and p38 in LPS-responsive cells, resulting in transcriptional activation and cytokine generation. LPS-induced signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) results in the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Since...

Lipopolysaccharide-activated Toll-like Signaling Events Induced By

Cannabinoids in Microglia: A New Trick for Immune Surveillance and Neuroprotection

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, and they are under permanent activity to patrol the cerebral microenvironment. A proper inhibitory feedback onto these cells is critical during both intact and injury conditions. In this issue of Neuron, Eljaschewitsch and colleagues report that such feedback is provided by the endogenous cannabinoid anandamine and CB(1/2) receptor signaling...

Silymarin inhibits Toll-like receptor 8 gene expression and apoptosis in Ramos cancer cell line

Objective: Silymarin is a herbal extract containing flavonolignans, and it has inhibitory effects against the growth of different cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis. Toll-like receptors are suggested as a novel and attractive target to treat cancer. The current study aimed at examining the mechanism of silymarin-induced apoptosis in Ramos cells and investigating its effect...