Intersexual social behavior of urban white-tailed deer and its evolutionary implications

نویسندگان

  • Katherine E. Richardson
  • Floyd W. Weckerly
چکیده

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) are now common in many urban environments throughout their geographic range. Yet, how male and female deer in the urban environment associate, behave socially, and the evolutionary implications of that behavior remains unstudied. We examined predictions of the predation risk and the social factor hypotheses to explain intersexual grouping patterns and social behavior observed in white-tailed deer inhabiting the small city of San Marcos (population size ~45 000) in central Texas. Two routes were surveyed weekly from a vehicle at dawn and dusk for 1 year. Group size, composition, distance to vehicle, and alarm state of deer to the vehicle were recorded. Focal animal sampling was used to measure the time males and females spent and number of aggressions within one body length of each other when in groups. Female-only groups were most prevalent year round followed by mixed-sex groups, which increased in prevalence in summer and during the mating season. Alarm state was weakly related to group size but not to group composition. Males were farther apart and more aggressive than females in groups. Proportion of males in mixed-sex groups declined with increased group size. Intersexual patterns of grouping and social behavior of urban deer supported the social factor hypothesis but not the predation risk hypothesis. Résumé : Les cerfs de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) sont maintenant communs dans plusieurs environnements urbains dans toute leur aire de répartition géographique. Néanmoins, on n’a jamais étudié comment les cerfs mâles et femelles s’associent dans un environnement urbain et comment ils se comportement socialement; on ne connaı̂t pas non plus les conséquences évolutives de ces comportements. Nous utilisons les prédictions des hypothèses du risque de prédation et des facteurs sociaux pour expliquer les patrons de regroupement des deux sexes et les comportements sociaux observés chez des cerfs qui habitent dans la petite ville de San Marcos (~45 000 habitants) du centre du Texas. Nous avons surveillé deux routes à partir d’un véhicule à l’aube et au crépuscule à toutes les semaines pendant une année. Nous avons noté la taille des groupes de cerfs, leur composition, leur distance des véhicules et leur état d’alerte en présence des véhicules. Un échantillonnage directionnel des animaux nous a servi à mesurer le temps que les mâles et les femelles passent à moins d’une longueur de corps les uns des autres lorsqu’ils sont en groupe; nous avons aussi noté les agressions. Les groupes formés exclusivement de femelles sont les plus communs tout au cours de l’année, suivi des groupes mixtes qui deviennent plus fréquents en été et durant la période de reproduction. L’état d’alerte est faiblement relié à la taille des groupes, mais non à leur composition. Dans les groupes, les mâles se tiennent plus à l’écart et sont plus agressifs que les femelles. La proportion de mâles dans un groupe mixte est fonction inverse de la taille du groupe. Les patrons de regroupement et le comportement social des cerfs des deux sexes en milieu urbain s’accordent avec l’hypothèse des facteurs sociaux, mais non avec celle du risque de prédation. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2007