Toward Holistic Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Heavy-Duty Applications

The increasing need to slow down climate change for environmental protection demands further advancements toward regenerative energy and sustainable mobility. While individual mobility applications are assumed be satisfied with improving battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the growing sector of freight transport heavy-duty requires alternative solutions meet requirements long ranges high payloads. Fuel cell hybrid (FCHEVs) emerge as a capable technology high-energy applications. This comprises fuel system (FCS) supply combined buffering storages, such batteries or ultracapacitors. In this article, recent successful developments regarding FCHEVs in various presented. Subsequently, an overview FCHEV drivetrain, its main components, different topologies emphasis on trucks is given. order enable layout optimization management strategy (EMS) design, functionality modeling approaches FCS, battery, ultracapacitor, relevant subsystems briefly described. Afterward, common methodologies EMSs structured, presenting new taxonomy dynamic optimization-based from control engineering perspective. Finally, findings lead guideline holistic EMSs, encouraging co-optimization EMS development FCHEVs. For EMS, we propose layered model predictive (MPC) approach, which takes velocity planning, mitigation degradation effects, auxiliaries into account simultaneously.