Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters

Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters

Pestiviruses, which include economically important animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus, possess three envelope glycoproteins, namely Erns, E1, and E2. This article discusses the structures and functions of these glycoproteins and their effects on viral pathogenicity in cells in culture and in animal hosts. E2 is the most important structural prot...

Alphavirus and flavivirus glycoproteins: Structures and functions

When, after years of biochemical, biophysical, and genetic work, the understanding of a biomolecular process finally reaches the st ructural level, standards change. Macromolecules familiar as gel bands, sequences, and antigens suddenly become easier to envision as three-dimensional physical objects, and their functional roles are more tangible. Even the language changes: words such as swivelin...

a contrastive study of rhetorical functions of citation in iranian and international elt scopus journals

writing an academic article requires the researchers to provide support for their works by learning how to cite the works of others. various studies regarding the analysis of citation in m.a theses have been done, while little work has been done on comparison of citations among elt scopus journal articles, and so the dearth of research in this area demands for further investigation into citatio...

Children—Not Simply “Little Adults”

Analysis of Structures and Epitopes of Surface Antigen Glycoproteins Expressed in Bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting humans and animals. Surface antigen glycoproteins, SAG2C, -2D, -2X, and -2Y, are expressed on the surface of bradyzoites. These antigens have been shown to protect bradyzoites against immune responses during chronic infections. We studied structures of SAG2C, -2D, -2X, and -2Y proteins using bioinformatics methods. The protein seque...