منابع مشابه
Dependency of Risks and Stop - Loss Order
The correlation order, which is defined as a partial order between bivariate distributions with equal marginals, is shown to be a helpfull tool for deriving results concerning the riskiness of portfolios with pairwise dependencies. Given the distribution functions of the individual risks, it is investigated how changing the dependency assumption influences the stop-loss premiums of such portfol...
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Twenty-first century conservation is centered on negotiating trade-offs between the diverse needs of people and the needs of the other species constituting coupled human-natural ecosystems. Marine forage fishes, such as sardines, anchovies, and herring, are a nexus for such trade-offs because they are both central nodes in marine food webs and targeted by fisheries. An important example is Paci...
متن کاملStop Loss Reinsurance
Stop loss is a nonproportional type of reinsurance and works similarly to excess-of-loss reinsurance. While excess-of-loss is related to single loss amounts, either per risk or per event, stop-loss covers are related to the total amount of claims X in a year – net of underlying excess-of-loss contracts and/or proportional reinsurance. The reinsurer pays the part of X that exceeds a certain amou...
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Forage fish support the largest fisheries in the world but also play key roles in marine food webs by transferring energy from plankton to upper trophic-level predators, such as large fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Fishing can, thereby, have far reaching consequences on marine food webs unless safeguards are in place to avoid depleting forage fish to dangerously low levels, where dependent...
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Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) has been identified as a critical species for North Pacific marine ecosystems and historically has been a commercially important species. In order to improve understanding of this key species, datasets which describe herring spawn activities were integrated with known habitat information and analyzed to determine which habitat has been critical for herring survi...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
سال: 2015
ISSN: 0027-8424,1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505403112